\n<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Sustainable Key Sustainable Approaches Neo-liberal\/ Reformist Radical Sustainability can be defined as the practice of maintaining Alternatively Sustainable development is defined as a \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [World Commission on Environment and Development, Our \n \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Sustainable development can be achieved if we follow the \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the The SDGs are:<\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 10.\u00a0\u00a0 11.\u00a0\u00a0 12.\u00a0\u00a0 13.\u00a0\u00a0 14.\u00a0\u00a0 15.\u00a0\u00a0 16.\u00a0\u00a0 17.\u00a0\u00a0 (Accessed from https:\/\/www.undp.org\/content\/undp\/en\/home\/sustainable-development-goals.html<\/a>)<\/p>\n \n \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n The 17 SDGs are integrated\u2014that is, they recognize that Through the pledge to Leave No One Behind, countries have Everyone is needed to reach these ambitious targets. The Sustainable development is based on environmental theories \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Proponents of the free market believe that trade is not the They believe in converting common properties like sea to be Reformist approach provides incentives or penalties for Radical approaches like \u2018deep green\u2019, eco-centric\u2019 and \u2018deep \n \u00a0Further reading:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<\/p>\n \n https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_CEA_202_0563–an-application-of-anthropology-in-develo.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\ndevelopment: <\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\nFeatures of Sustainable Development. <\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\nDevelopment Goals (SDGs): <\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\nto sustainability and development: <\/span><\/span>3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\nfree market approach: <\/span><\/span>3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\nand interventionist approaches: <\/span><\/span>3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\napproaches: <\/span><\/span>3<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\nworld processes of productivity indefinitely\u2014natural or human-made\u2014by replacing
\nresources used with resources of equal or greater value without degrading or
\nendangering natural biotic systems. Sustainable development ties together
\nconcern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social,
\npolitical, and economic challenges faced by humanity (Kahle and Gurel-Atay
\n2014). In 1980 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
\npublished a world conservation strategy that included one of the first
\nreferences to sustainable development as a global priority and introduced the
\nterm “sustainable development” (Sachs 2015). Two years later, the
\nUnited Nations World Charter for Nature raised five principles of conservation
\nby which human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged. In 1987 the
\nUnited Nations World Commission on Environment and Development released the
\nreport Our Common Future, commonly called the Brundtland Report. The report
\nincluded what is now one of the most widely recognised definitions of
\nsustainable development.<\/p>\n
\ndevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
\nability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it
\ntwo key concepts:<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>The concept of ‘needs’, in particular, the
\nessential needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should be
\ngiven; and<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>The idea of limitations imposed by the state of
\ntechnology and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet present
\nand future needs.<\/p>\n
\nCommon Future<\/i> (1987)]<\/p>\n
\nfollowing points,<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Restricting human being from over-exploitation
\nof the environmental resources both at individual level and as a corporate. <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Technological development should be input
\neffective and not input utilizing. Therefore, ensuring technology that minimises
\nthe use of finite resources and maximises the output.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>The rate of consumption should not surpass the
\nrate of salvation. <\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>For renewable resources, the rate of consumption
\nshould not surpass the rate of production of renewable substitutes.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Minimisation of all kinds of pollutants and
\nsafer disposal of waste.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Sensible use of Natural Resources. <\/p>\n
\nGlobal Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a
\nuniversal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all
\npeople enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Complete eradication of poverty<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>No hunger<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Good health and well-being<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Quality education and life-long learning
\nopportunity for all<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Achieve gender equality and empower all women
\nand girl<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Ensure availability and sustainable management
\nof water for all<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Ensure the availability of reliable, affordable,
\nsustainable and modern energy for all.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Promote sustained inclusive and sustainable
\neconomic growth. Full and productive and descent work for all.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Build resilient infrastructure, promote
\ninclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Reduce inequality within and among countries<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Make cities and human settlement inclusive,
\nsafe, resilient and sustainable for all<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Ensure sustainable production and consumption
\npattern<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
\nimpact<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and
\nmarine resources for sustainable development<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
\nterrestrial eco-systems, sustainably mange forest, combat desertification, halt
\nreverse land degradation and halt bio-diversity loss.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Promote inclusive and peaceful societies for sustainable
\ndevelopment, provide access to justice for all, and build effective,
\naccountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Strengthen the means of implementation and
\nrevitalise the global partnership for sustainable development.<\/p>\n
\naction in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must
\nbalance social, economic and environmental sustainability.<\/p>\n
\ncommitted to fast-track progress for those furthest behind first. That is why
\nthe SDGs are designed to bring the world to several life-changing \u2018zeros\u2019,
\nincluding zero poverty, hunger, AIDS and discrimination against women and
\ngirls.<\/p>\n
\ncreativity, knowhow, technology and financial resources from all of society is
\nnecessary to achieve the SDGs in every context.<\/p>\n
\nof economic development. Based on them the policies and programmes of the
\ndevelopment of a state is often decided. These theories range from welfare
\nstate\u00a0 <\/span>models of economic activity to
\nradical approach that suggests to overthrow the capitalist system and live life
\naccording to ecological principles. There are several trends, here we will
\ndiscuss broadly three major categories of development approach that address the
\nissues of sustainability. These are:<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Free-market\/neo-liberal<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Reformist and interventionist<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/span><\/span>Radical<\/p>\nNeo-liberal\/ free market approach:<\/a><\/h3>\n
\ncause of environmental degradation and that capitalism encourages the rational
\nuse of resources under conditions of free market competition and the
\nspecialisation of production through comparative advantage (Ricardo 1973). For
\nfree-marketers, economic globalisation is an opportunity to rationalise the use
\nof resources. Restrictions on trade would merely lead to economic decline,
\nwhich would in turn devastate environment and human societies. Because,
\ndegradation of economic growth would mean that people will less care about
\nenvironment and will try to meet their immediate need without thinking about
\nthe environmental sustainability. As scholars like Gouldson and Murphy (1997)
\nshow, free-market principle suggest that trade and environment conservation is
\nin a win-win situation, as profit generated can be channelized into environmental
\nconservation. <\/p>\n
\nconverted into the concept of private properties so that over-exploitation can
\nbe stopped. <\/p>\nReformist and interventionist approaches:<\/a> <\/h3>\n
\nconsumers and producers to move towards environmentally friendly economic
\nbehaviour. This may be in the form of financial instruments such as subsidies
\n(reward) or taxation (punishment). Interventionist approaches attempt to achieve
\nenvironmentally friendly development by making legislation changes. Taxes and
\nsubsidies are used to alter the economic behaviour and development approaches by
\nmanipulating markets. It is a strict form of control involving legal penalties
\nfor \u2018dirty\u2019 producers. <\/p>\nRadical approaches:<\/a> <\/h3>\n
\necology\u2019 suggest that western consumption patterns are environmentally
\nunsustainable and undesirable. Driven by capitalism\u2019s imperative for
\ncontinuously expanding demand rather than any relation to meeting human needs, \u2018consumptive
\ngrowth doesn\u2019t make people happier [\u2026] people would actually be better off,
\nGreens argue, if they consumed less and concentrated more on genuine
\nwell-being: on personal development, on relationships with others and social
\nbelonging\u2019 (Jacobs 1997: 50).<\/p>\n