{"id":82463,"date":"2025-02-11T18:54:35","date_gmt":"2025-02-11T18:54:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/agnes-impact-on-the-middle-susquehanna-river-valley\/"},"modified":"2025-02-11T18:54:35","modified_gmt":"2025-02-11T18:54:35","slug":"agnes-impact-on-the-middle-susquehanna-river-valley","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463","title":{"rendered":"Agnes\u2019 Impact on the Middle Susquehanna River Valley"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

Summer has begun, and hurricane season is in full swing. As
\nwe keep a wary eye on the storms developing over the Atlantic, we continue to
\nlook back 50 years ago as tropical storm Agnes made land fall over Pennsylvania.
\nAs discussed in prior posts in our Agnes series, destruction of property and
\nlives was intense with tropical storm Agnes in Pennsylvania, leaving homes and
\nbusinesses in disrepair. Agnes imposed tremendous stress on the federal budget
\nwith the passage of the Agnes Recovery Act which allocated nearly two billion
\ndollars for the relief effort to Pennsylvania alone. This led to changes in
\nflood disaster protection measures and the creation of Federal Emergency
\nManagement Agency (FEMA) (Grumbine 2017). Today we are looking at the results
\nof Agnes\u2019 fury in the middle section of the Susquehanna River Valley.\u00a0<\/p>\n

June 25, 1972, just two days after the flooded Susquehanna
\nRiver crested at 34.1 feet in Williamsport, Pennsylvania an industrious doctoral
\narchaeology student set out to survey the region. William H. Turnbaugh, a driven
\nPh.D. student, watched as the smaller tributaries to the Susquehanna subsided
\nand drained quickly into the river due to the steeply pitched watershed, not
\nallowing the river to recede (Turnbaugh 1977). Attributed to the 1955 levee
\nsystem built in Williamsport and South Williamsport these cities managed to
\nescape much of the extensive damage towns and cities further down and up the
\nriver sustained. Deserted towns full of muddy homes, shops, and churches stood as
\nwaters receded and those who fled the surging waters could return (Turnbaugh
\n1977). Roads were impassable, debris from homes and businesses strewn
\neverywhere, and farms fields and crops were destroyed.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Once the waters began to recede, Turnbaugh quickly realized
\nthe most visible result of the flooding on archaeological sites was erosion. After
\nextensive survey throughout Lycoming County, three main types of erosion were
\nidentified as affecting numerous archaeological sites. The first form of
\nerosion Turnbaugh identified is channel erosion, this is where small streams
\nwould cut across areas to create shortcuts around their natural loops creating
\nchannels through the soil. Sites that Turnbaugh identified as having been
\nchannel eroded include Precontact sites 36Ly11, 36Ly45, 36Ly99 and 36Ly146, all
\nof which were nearly destroyed by channel erosion (Turnbaugh 1977).\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n

The Late Woodland site (450- 1,100 years ago) 36Ly146 had a
\nchannel running about 500 feet through it with depth up to three feet deep and a
\nlarge portion had been washed away. Due to the flood damage and large amounts
\nof deposited sand and stone very little was found on this site. A few Clemson
\nIsland pottery sherds, believed to be from a single pot, were the main
\narcheological find at this site after the flooding (Turnbaugh 1972c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pottery sherds found at 36Ly146. Image from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The second type of erosion Turnbaugh identified is pothole erosion,
\nthis is where potholes are created in the ground from eddy currents burrowing. The
\nsite most significantly affected by this form of erosion the multi-component Precontact
\nsite 36Ly74 (450- 10,000 years ago), where a 75 ft x 50ft x 5ft deep pothole
\nwas created (Turnbaugh 1977). Artifacts recovered from this site during the
\n1972 survey included projectile points, net weights, and a trade bead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

A netsinker, trade bead and a bifurcate
\nprojectile point recovered from 36Ly74. Image from the collections of The State
\nMuseum of Pennsylvania.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The third form of erosion identified by Turnbaugh is sheet
\nerosion, this is where soils are evenly eroded across a large area. A few of
\nthe sites affected by this form of erosion include the Archaic (11500-4850BP),
\nWoodland (450-
\n2,950 years ago), and historic sites 36Ly83 and 36Ly86. The Cliffside
\nsite, 36Ly86 (450- 10,000 years ago), had 90% of the site exposed by the flood,
\nallowing for numerous precontact artifacts such as stone tools and projectile
\npoints to be found during a surface collection (Turnbaugh 1977). William
\nTurnbaugh recorded and updated numerous sites in north-central Pennsylvania
\nfollowing the Agnes flooding, but this was just the beginning, as a larger
\nsurvey sponsored by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission continued
\nthis work later in the year (Smith 1977).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Artifacts recovered from the Cliffside site, 36Ly86.
\nImage from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The narrow valleys upriver from Williamsport on the West
\nBranch of the Susquehanna also caused extensive flooding. Sinnemahoning Creek
\ncrested at 19.5 feet, flooding this region, and flowing downstream into the
\nSusquehanna. This and other creeks and streams in this narrow valley caused the
\nwaters to surge into the river at pinch points flooding the areas that the
\nstreams and creeks led to while also causing waters to rise further down river.
\nIn Renovo, Pennsylvania the water rose and crested at 26.6 feet and in Lock
\nHaven, Pennsylvania, the water crested at 31.3 feet leading to significant
\nflooding in both areas (National Weather Service 2017). \u00a0With widespread flooding in this region,
\nerosion occurred leading to additional archaeological finds. Included in these
\nfinds are the Martin Whitcomb site (36Cm2), 36Cn49, and the Ramm site (36Cn44).<\/p>\n

The Martin Whitcomb site, 36Cm2 spans from the Archaic
\nthrough the Woodland (450- 10,000 years ago). After the flooding from Agnes
\nreceded artifacts such as projectile points, netsinkers and other stone tools
\nwere found.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Stone tools and projectile points
\nrecovered from the Martin Whitcomb site, 36Cm2. Image from the collections of
\nThe State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The Ramm site, 36Cn44 is a Late Woodland site (450- 1100
\nyears ago). Flooding from Agnes led to deep grooves along the rows of planted
\ncrops up to several inches deep. \u00a0Numerous
\nartifacts were found after the water receded including Clemson Island pottery
\nsherds, triangular and other points (Turnbaugh 1972a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Artifacts recovered from the Ramm
\nsite, 36Cn44. Image from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The Archaic through Transitional (11500-2800BP) site, 36Cn49,
\nnear Lock Haven, Pennsylvania also incurred extensive erosion due to Agnes. This
\nsite produced projectile points, steatite artifacts, netsinkers and other stone
\ntools (Turnbaugh 1972b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Artifacts recovered from 36Cn49. Image
\nfrom the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Down river from Williamsport, flooding was extensive as
\nsmaller tributaries surged from their banks and inundated the towns, cities,
\nand the river. Lewisburg, Harrisburg, and numerous towns between were
\noverwhelmed with flood waters. As in Lycoming County, Northumberland, Union,
\nand Dauphin County archaeological sites were discovered and further explored
\nafter the waters receded. Landowners, archaeologists, and amateurs worked
\ntogether to record and collect on sites. Some of the additional sites found
\nduring the year following Agnes include Pre-contact sites 36Nb6, 36Nb8, 36Nb10,
\n36Nb61, 36Un10, and 36Da30. The Berrier Island site, 36Da30 (450- 2,950
\nyears ago), was severely eroded by Agnes at the northern tip and western
\nedge of the island, with approximately 75 feet of the western edge washed away
\n(Douts 1976).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Flooding of the Governor\u2019s mansion in Harrisburg,
\nPennsylvania due to Tropical Storm Agnes. Image from Pennsylvania State
\nArchives.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Along with
\nsites found directly due to flooding and erosion, additional sites were
\nuncovered or updated in the process of flood mitigations. One of these sites
\nincludes the Bull Run site, 36Ly119 (450- 10,000 years ago), in Loyalsock
\nTownship found during an archaeological survey for the proposed project to
\nutilize the Williamsport Beltway roadbed to double as a levee (North Atlantic
\nDivision Corps of Engineers<\/span>, <\/span>1989). After extensive excavations at the
\nBull Run site, it was found that a fortified village was located there. Due to
\nplowing activities and erosion, all occupation levels from Early Archaic to
\nLate Woodland (450- 10,000 years ago) were in the top 10-12 inches of soil,
\nindicating that only the bottoms of features remained intact (Bressler 1978). The
\nfew artifacts found on the site represent small bands of people moving through
\nthe area until the Shenk\u2019s Ferry village was erected. Features in the Shenk\u2019s
\nFerry Village that were discovered included a stockade and trench, pits, hearths,
\nand post molds indicating the location of houses. One feature that is usually
\nindicative of Shenk\u2019s Ferry villages that was not present, are keyhole
\nstructures. This is thought to be the result of the missing topsoil from
\nerosion and plowing (Bressler 1978).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Artifacts recovered from the Bull Run Site,
\n36Ly119. Image from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Another site
\nthat was uncovered due to post flooding mitigations is the West Water Street
\nsite, 36Cn175 (200- 16,000 years ago). This site in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, is
\nlocated upstream from the confluence of the West Branch of the Susquehanna and
\nBald Eagle Creek causing this area to be prone to flooding (Custer et al.
\n1994). In 1979 the Army Corps of Engineers established a flood protection plan
\naround Lock Haven, but it wasn\u2019t until the early 1990\u2019s that the plan began to
\nbe implemented. At the time archaeological work was done along the site the plan
\nof building a 17.7 foot high, and 100-foot-wide base levee was in place (Custer
\net al. 1994).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lock Haven Levee and
\nWilliam Clinger Riverwalk in 2014.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the process
\nof preparing for the new levee to be built archaeological surveys were
\nperformed, which is how the West Water Street site (36Cn0175) was found. Additional
\nexcavations were conducted on the site, resulting in the discovery of artifacts
\nand features spanning from the Paleoindian period (10,000- 16,000 years ago)
\nthrough the Contact period (about 300-450 years ago). Features such as house
\npatterns, post molds, a stockade, hearths, and storage pits were all found on
\nthe site. Numerous forms of projectile points and pottery, clay pipe fragments
\nand stone tools, spanning the long period of time this site had been in use,
\nwere all recovered.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Late <\/span><\/i>Archaic <\/span><\/i>(4850BP – 6850BP)
\nto<\/i><\/span> Mid<\/span><\/i>dle Woodland (<\/span><\/i>1000BP \u2013 2400BP) <\/span>projectile points recovered from the
\nWest Water Street site, 36Cn175. <\/span><\/i>Image
\nfrom the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Pottery recovered from the Clemson Island (450- 1100 years ago)
\nliving surface at the West Water Street site, 36Cn175. Image from the
\ncollections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/span><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Flooding is a continual issue for Pennsylvania and erosion continues
\nto play a serious role in the loss of archaeological resources. Thanks to the landowners,
\namateur archaeologists, and professional archaeologists alike, our cultural
\nheritage is being recorded and preserved. Numerous sites, beyond what are
\nlisted here, have been recorded thanks to these dedicated individuals. Please
\nhelp us continue to preserve our past for the future by contacting your StateHistoric Preservation Office<\/a> (SHPO) with any information regarding cultural resources and their locations.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\n

Our series on Agnes will continue over the coming weeks as
\nwe move across the Commonwealth and into the Lower Susquehanna Valley.\u00a0 If you missed our Learn at Lunch program on
\nthe impact of Agnes on cultural resources, you can watch the recorded program<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

References:<\/b><\/p>\n

Bressler,
\nJames P.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Excavation of the Bull Run Site in
\nLoyalsock Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Report submitted to Pennsylvania
\nDepartment of Transportation Montoursville, Pennsylvania.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Custer,
\nJay F., Scott C. Watson, and Daniel N Bailey<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Data Recovery Investigations of
\nthe West Water Street Site 36Cn175 Lock Haven, Clinton County, Pennsylvania.<\/i>
\nPrepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District. On file at The
\nState Museum of Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology. <\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Douts, C.<\/p>\n

1976
\n36Da30: Berrier Island Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey Form. PA-Share, https:\/\/share.phmc.pa.gov\/pashare.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Grumbine,
\nFrank<\/p>\n

2017 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Inundation of the Heartland Tropical Storm
\nAgnes and the Landscape of the Susquehanna Valley. Electronic document, https:\/\/pa-history.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Grumbine-Pencak-Paper-2017.pdf,
\naccessed June 3, 2022.<\/p>\n

National
\nWeather Service<\/p>\n

2017\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hurricane Agnes: The 45th<\/sup>
\nAnniversary. Electronic document, https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/ctp\/Agnes<\/a>, accessed
\nJune 23, 2022.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

North Atlantic Division Corps of Engineers, <\/span><\/p>\n

1989 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1989 Water Resources Development in Pennsylvania<\/span><\/i>. Report on file at the University of
\nVirginia Law Library.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Smith, Ira F.<\/span><\/p>\n

1977<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>The Susquehanna River Valley Archaeological Survey. Pennsylvania
\nArchaeology 47(4):27-29.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

Turnbaugh, William H.<\/p>\n

1972a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 36Cn44:
\nPennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey Form. PA-Share, https:\/\/share.phmc.pa.gov\/pashare.<\/p>\n

Turnbaugh, William H.<\/p>\n

1972b\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 36Cn49:
\nPennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey Form. PA-Share, https:\/\/share.phmc.pa.gov\/pashare.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

Turnbaugh, William H.<\/p>\n

1972c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 36Ly146:
\nPennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey Form. PA-Share, https:\/\/share.phmc.pa.gov\/pashare.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Turnbaugh,
\nWilliam H.<\/p>\n

1977\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Man, Land And Time: The Cultural
\nPrehistory and Demographic Patterns of North-Central Pennsylvania.<\/i> The
\nLycoming County Historical Society. <\/i>UNIGRAPHIC, INC., Evansville,
\nIndiana.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

.\n<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Summer has begun, and hurricane season is in full swing. As we keep a wary eye on the storms developing over the Atlantic, we continue to look back 50 years ago as tropical storm Agnes made land fall over Pennsylvania. As discussed in prior posts in our Agnes series, destruction of property and lives was […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":82464,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[6359,4197,5147,4810,41138,4751],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-82463","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-agnes","tag-impact","tag-middle","tag-river","tag-susquehanna","tag-valley"],"yoast_head":"\nAgnes\u2019 Impact on the Middle Susquehanna River Valley - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Agnes\u2019 Impact on the Middle Susquehanna River Valley - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Summer has begun, and hurricane season is in full swing. As we keep a wary eye on the storms developing over the Atlantic, we continue to look back 50 years ago as tropical storm Agnes made land fall over Pennsylvania. As discussed in prior posts in our Agnes series, destruction of property and lives was […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-02-11T18:54:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1739300078_Picture1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"965\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#\/schema\/person\/b85e3c3dc0e1daea076524dc8810c371\"},\"headline\":\"Agnes\u2019 Impact on the Middle Susquehanna River Valley\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-02-11T18:54:35+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463\"},\"wordCount\":2002,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1739300078_Picture1.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Agnes\",\"Impact\",\"Middle\",\"River\",\"Susquehanna\",\"Valley\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Anthropology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463\",\"name\":\"Agnes\u2019 Impact on the Middle Susquehanna River Valley - 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Som2ny Network","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Agnes\u2019 Impact on the Middle Susquehanna River Valley - Som2ny Network","og_description":"Summer has begun, and hurricane season is in full swing. As we keep a wary eye on the storms developing over the Atlantic, we continue to look back 50 years ago as tropical storm Agnes made land fall over Pennsylvania. As discussed in prior posts in our Agnes series, destruction of property and lives was […]","og_url":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463","og_site_name":"Som2ny Network","article_published_time":"2025-02-11T18:54:35+00:00","og_image":[{"width":965,"height":630,"url":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1739300078_Picture1.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"10 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#\/schema\/person\/b85e3c3dc0e1daea076524dc8810c371"},"headline":"Agnes\u2019 Impact on the Middle Susquehanna River Valley","datePublished":"2025-02-11T18:54:35+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463"},"wordCount":2002,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1739300078_Picture1.png","keywords":["Agnes","Impact","Middle","River","Susquehanna","Valley"],"articleSection":["Anthropology"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463","url":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=82463","name":"Agnes\u2019 Impact on the Middle Susquehanna River Valley - 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