{"id":81632,"date":"2025-02-11T09:26:40","date_gmt":"2025-02-11T09:26:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/tropical-storm-agnes-in-the-allegheny-river-valley\/"},"modified":"2025-02-11T09:26:40","modified_gmt":"2025-02-11T09:26:40","slug":"tropical-storm-agnes-in-the-allegheny-river-valley","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=81632","title":{"rendered":"Tropical Storm Agnes in the Allegheny River Valley"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

If you have been following our series on the effects of
\nTropical Storm Agnes in the various river drainages of Pennsylvania, you may
\nhave noticed a pattern of devastating damage followed by the resilient recovery
\nof the people and properties affected.\u00a0
\nIn many cases recovery included construction of reservoirs and other
\nflood control projects to protect against future flooding events.\u00a0 As part of the planning and construction of
\nthese facilities, archaeology was often required to mitigate damage to possible
\narchaeological sites.\u00a0 As a result, many
\nnew sites were discovered and both new and previously known sites were more
\nthoroughly excavated than would have been possible without the flood control
\ninitiative.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0The Allegheny River
\nValley was positioned differently than the other river basins previously
\nfeatured in this series.\u00a0 The St.
\nPatrick\u2019s Day flood of 1936 caused devastation throughout the region and hit
\nPittsburgh particularly hard.\u00a0 More than
\n63 inches of snow received over the course of the winter began to melt and
\ncombined with the increased rain on March 16 led to a major flooding
\nevent.\u00a0 Described here by the U.S.Geological Survey\u2019s Water Supply Paper 799<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\u201cDuring the period March 9-22,1936 there occurred in
\nclose succession over the northeastern United States . . . two extraordinarily
\nheavy rainstorms. The depths of rainfall mark this period as one of the
\ngreatest concentrations of precipitation, in respect to time and magnitude of
\narea covered, of which there is record in this country. At the time of the rain
\nthere were also accumulations of snow on the ground over much of the region
\nthat were large for the season. The comparatively warm temperatures associated
\nwith the storms melted the snow and added materially to the quantities of water
\nto be disposed of by drainage into the waterways . . . the total quantity that
\nhad to be disposed of . . . ranged between 10 to 30 inches.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

The Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers converge at the point in
\nPittsburgh to form the Ohio River.\u00a0 The
\nwater crested more than 20 feet over flood stage to 46 feet which left much of
\ndowntown Pittsburgh underwater, and millions of dollars of damage in its
\nwake.\u00a0 It also left 62 dead, more than
\n500 injured and approximately 135,000 people homeless throughout the region.\u00a0 This was the impetus for Congress to pass the
\nCopeland Act in 1938 allotting the funds for the construction of levees and
\nreservoirs in the Allegheny and surrounding drainages.\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Area of the Kinzua Dam Project<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The Kinzua Dam and Allegheny Reservoir were a product of
\nthis construction and are credited with significantly lessening the impact of
\nAgnes on Pittsburgh thus fulfilling its promised function. The lessened impact
\nstill created considerable damage to Pittsburgh with the rivers cresting at
\n35.8 feet.\u00a0 The Pennsylvania Historical
\nand Museum Commission had recently opened the Fort Pitt Museum in 1969 on
\nPittsburgh\u2019s \u201cGolden Point\u201d.\u00a0 It was
\ninundated with 45 inches of water damaging the structure as well as the
\nartifacts and exhibits causing it to close for almost two years for repairs.\u00a0 Other towns and cities throughout the region
\nwere severely impacted by Agnes.\u00a0 The
\ntown of Freeport in Armstrong County is situated between the Allegheny River
\nand Buffalo Creek and had what one resident, PaulWhite, described as \u201cdouble flooding\u201d. <\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n

Unfortunately, the construction of the Kinzua Dam
\nalso had a significant downside.\u00a0 It caused
\nthe displacement of Pennsylvania\u2019s last group of Indigenous people.\u00a0 The Seneca that occupied approximately 10,000
\nacres of their Allegheny Territory had been deeded this land as part of the Treatyof Canandaigua<\/a>, signed by President George Washington in 1794. The
\nAllegheny River was known as the \u201cBeautiful River\u201d or \u201cGood River\u201d in Seneca
\nlanguage Ohi:yo\u2019<\/i><\/a>.\u00a0 It was the source of food, plants, and
\nmedicines for thousands of years and culturally significant to the Seneca
\nNation peoples living in the Allegheny Territory and those living on the
\nCornplanter Grant.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0After
\nmany years and many legal battles, the government eventually used the right of
\neminent domain to claim the land and removed the approximately 600 Tribal
\nmembers living there to the Allegheny Reservation in Salamanca, New York.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Seneca Nation On\u00f6dow\u00e1’ga:’ (oh-non-doh-wah!-gawh!),
\nwhich means “People of the Great Hill\u201d have created an exhibit that relays
\ntheir story of this event to educate others at their museum (https:\/\/scalar.usc.edu\/works\/ohiyo\/index<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Soon after the passage of the Copeland Act the Pennsylvania
\nHistorical Commission(PHC) examined areas that would be impacted by
\nconstruction of the dam. \u00a0In 1941 a
\nCivilian Conservation Corp (CCC) project was conducted on the Pearl Smith farm
\nlocated two miles north of Kinzua, Warren County. \u00a0The investigation led to the recovery of
\nmaterials representing activities from the Middle Woodland period\u00a0 (1000- 2400 years ago).\u00a0 Additional archaeological investigations were
\nconducted in 1942 in a midden area associated with the village component of the
\nSugar Run site (36WA0002). Unfortunately, this work was halted due to the outbreak
\nof WWII and call to duty of the excavators. \u00a0This multi- component site has been linked to
\nsimilar sites in New York and Ohio, demonstrating complex social networks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Blades
\nmade of Flint Ridge Chert from the Sugar Run Village Site (36WA0002), from the
\ncollections of The Pennsylvania State Museum.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Corner-Notched
\nPoints made of Onondaga Chert from the Sugar Run Village Site (36WA0002), from
\nthe collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The construction of the levees and reservoirs that resulted
\nfrom the Copeland Act predate the enactment of The National Historic
\nPreservation Act of 1966 which required (and continues to require) the
\nconsideration of impact on archaeological and historic resources from federally
\nfunded construction projects.\u00a0 Hence,
\nthere was no legal requirement for archaeological investigations prior to
\nimplementation of the flood control projects.\u00a0
\nFortunately, in 1950 the Carnegie Museum initiated the Upper Ohio Valley
\nArchaeological Survey.\u00a0 Its purpose was
\nto create \u201ca basic framework of information covering all of man\u2019s time in the
\narea\u201d (Mayer-Oakes, 1955).\u00a0 This
\ncomprehensive survey laid the groundwork for our understanding of the precontact
\nand historic occupations of the area.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Kinzua Phase Pot found in Cold Spring, New York and curated
\nby the Seneca Iroquois <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

National Museum Salamanca, New York. (Myers, 2019)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The National Park Service sponsored survey and testing in
\nthe area that would be inundated by the Allegheny Reservoir in September and
\nOctober of 1958 by William A. Ritchie (New York State Museum) and Don W. Dragoo
\n(Carnegie Museum).\u00a0 Most of the initial survey
\nwas confined to surface testing because the land was still privately owned and
\nmuch of it was being actively farmed.\u00a0
\nAfter the land\u00a0\u00a0 was purchased by
\nthe U.S. Government, a more thorough investigation could be conducted.\u00a0 One site of particular interest was the Kinzua
\nsite (36WA0053).\u00a0 Only a few chert flakes
\n(debitage) had been found at this location during the initial surface survey.<\/p>\n

Stanley Lantz of the Carnegie revisited the site in 1965, as
\nthe dam was nearing completion. \u00a0A large
\nportion of the site had already eroded away by the lapping waters of the rising
\nreservoir, revealing pottery sherds associated with the Allegheny Erie
\nTradition (A.D.1100-1300) (Lantz 2020).\u00a0
\nFull scale excavations commenced in 1965 with the mechanical removal of topsoil
\nexposing the precontact indigenous occupation.\u00a0
\nThe remaining portion of the site, approximately 1,200 m2<\/sup>,
\nwas excavated and found to be a stockaded village complete with houses,
\nhearths, storage pits and artifacts attributed to a community whose economy was
\nbased on agriculture, hunting, and fishing.\u00a0
\nThe Kinzua site, like many other sites within the Allegheny Reservoir \u00a0impoundment area are now under water.\u00a0 Thankfully a few of them were thoroughly excavated
\nwith National Park service funds providing a window into Pennsylvania\u2019s past.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

\n

Tropical Storm Agnes\u2019s effects in western
\nPennsylvania were devastating but they were less severe than they might have
\nbeen due to construction of flood control projects following the deadly St.
\nPatrick\u2019s Day flood 36 years earlier. The construction of similar flood control
\nprojects in central and eastern\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Pennsylvania were not implemented, for the most part,\u00a0 until after those communities suffered the
\nwrath of Agnes.<\/p>\n

If you missed our Learn at Lunch program on the impact of
\nAgnes on cultural resources,\u00a0 the link is
\nprovided here to watch the recorded program<\/span><\/a>.\n<\/p>\n

References:<\/p>\n

Dragoo, Don W. <\/p>\n

1965\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Archeological Investigations in the
\nKinzua Area of the Allegheny Basin of Western Pennsylvania During 1965<\/i>,
\nManuscript on file, The Pennsylvania State Museum Section of Archaeology,
\nHarrisburg, Pennsylvania.<\/p>\n

Lantz, Stanley W.<\/p>\n

2020\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Allegheny Erie Tradition. In The
\nArchaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania Volume 2<\/i> edited by Kurt W.
\nCarr, Christopher A. Bergman, Christina B. Rieth, Bernard K. Means, and Roger
\nW. Moeller, pp. 465 \u2013 482, University of Pennsylvania Press.<\/p>\n

Mayer-Oakes, William J.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley;
\nAn Introductory Archeological Study<\/i>. Carnegie Museum Anthropological
\nPapers, No. 2. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.<\/p>\n

McConaughy, Mark
\nA. and Janet R. Johnson<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sugar Run Mound (36Wa359) and Village
\n(36Wa2): Hopewell\/Middle Woodland in Warren County, Pennsylvania. Foragers and
\nFarmers of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods in Pennsylvania, Recent
\nResearch in Pennsylvania Archaeology, No.3, PHMC, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.<\/p>\n

Myers, Andrew J.<\/p>\n

2019\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Cold Spring Pot: An Allegheny Erie
\nTradition Vessel Found in the Upper Allegheny Drainage. In Pennsylvania
\nArchaeologist 89(1):25 \u2013 44.<\/p>\n

Making History:
\nThe Heinz History Center Blog<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.heinzhistorycenter.org\/blog\/western-pennsylvania-history\/st-patricks-day-flood-1936<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.heinzhistorycenter.org\/blog\/fort-pitt-museum\/hurricane-agnes-and-the-fort-pitt-museum<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Online Resources:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.sunburyfloodcontrol.com\/The%20Floods%20of%201936%20and%20the%20Copeland%20Flood%20Control%20Bill.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.alleghenyfront.org\/the-complicated-history-of-the-kinzua-dam-and-how-it-changed-life-for-the-seneca-people\/<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.wgrz.com\/article\/sports\/outdoors\/the-tragedy-of-the-kinzua-dam\/71-445448395<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/triblive.com\/local\/valley-news-dispatch\/50-years-ago-hurricane-agnes-left-indelible-mark\/<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/americanindian.si.edu\/nationtonation\/treaty-of-canandaigua.html<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/scalar.usc.edu\/works\/ohiyo\/index<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

.\n<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

If you have been following our series on the effects of Tropical Storm Agnes in the various river drainages of Pennsylvania, you may have noticed a pattern of devastating damage followed by the resilient recovery of the people and properties affected.\u00a0 In many cases recovery included construction of reservoirs and other flood control projects to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":81633,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[6359,34511,4810,2367,3119,4751],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-81632","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-agnes","tag-allegheny","tag-river","tag-storm","tag-tropical","tag-valley"],"yoast_head":"\nTropical Storm Agnes in the Allegheny River Valley - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=81632\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tropical Storm Agnes in the Allegheny River Valley - 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