{"id":80817,"date":"2025-02-10T23:55:59","date_gmt":"2025-02-10T23:55:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/this-week-in-pennsylvania-archaeology-so-long-agnes\/"},"modified":"2025-02-10T23:55:59","modified_gmt":"2025-02-10T23:55:59","slug":"this-week-in-pennsylvania-archaeology-so-long-agnes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=80817","title":{"rendered":"This Week In Pennsylvania Archaeology: So Long, Agnes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"post-body-1425761702056880855\" itemprop=\"description articleBody\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">With this blog we say good-bye to our series on Tropical<br \/>\nStorm Agnes and her impact on the Commonwealth.\u00a0<br \/>\nThe previous blogs have traced her path through the major river basins of<br \/>\nPennsylvania, leaving behind massive destruction and hardship. \u00a0Cultural resources \u2013 churches, museums,<br \/>\nlibraries, and cemeteries- were significantly impacted, but the communities<br \/>\nsurrounding them rallied together to help salvage these resources. Improved<br \/>\npreparation and planning by many of these institutions were implemented in anticipation<br \/>\nof the potential for future floods. Flood protection programs that had been<br \/>\nproposed decades prior to Agnes were finally approved, funded, and constructed<br \/>\nby Army Corp of Engineers who recognized that flood events were happening more frequently,<br \/>\nand their impact was becoming increasingly destructive.<\/p>\n<table align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgGwy6Nc3ZP6e2jfgWqjTcp3QzUVRdp8YpjU0yixyWwnCgVfASoyMt9F_wRYIx2hMU9fJo-3YRKxScKZ3JGITSiFG28M3-z9W2SAl0NQvHhG6trg4Kg80Cd2m3lV7Vhew0lyFqOOmrwS_EQU_NskJJwgEi0Cwz_nF6iOnLLzZAxEsK_UxrQeV0wrTIrlw\/s1132\/Picture1.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1132\" data-original-width=\"815\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgGwy6Nc3ZP6e2jfgWqjTcp3QzUVRdp8YpjU0yixyWwnCgVfASoyMt9F_wRYIx2hMU9fJo-3YRKxScKZ3JGITSiFG28M3-z9W2SAl0NQvHhG6trg4Kg80Cd2m3lV7Vhew0lyFqOOmrwS_EQU_NskJJwgEi0Cwz_nF6iOnLLzZAxEsK_UxrQeV0wrTIrlw\/w288-h400\/Picture1.png\" width=\"288\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\/>\n<td class=\"tr-caption\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"tr-caption\">Figure 1-Aerial view of Cowanesque Dam, Tioga County.<br \/>Image By Bjoertvedt &#8211; Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">The archaeology conducted in the aftermath of Agnes provided<br \/>\na broader resource for examining the past. Rural areas and previously<br \/>\nundeveloped landscapes yielded evidence of cultural activity over thousands of<br \/>\nyears and improved our understanding of movement and settlement patterns by<br \/>\nIndigenous peoples.\u00a0 This could be viewed<br \/>\nas a positive outcome from such a destructive event. Archaeological sites are<br \/>\noften destroyed by private construction projects, natural disasters, or<br \/>\ncareless destruction by those digging for \u201ctreasures\u201d, preventing systematic<br \/>\ninvestigations that ends with the loss of cultural heritage.\u00a0 Unfortunately, some of the destruction from<br \/>\nAgnes could not be rectified.\u00a0 The<br \/>\ndisplacement of cemetery burials at Forty Fort, in Luzerne County couldn\u2019t be<br \/>\nrepaired, but the monument dedicated in memory of the individuals from this<br \/>\ngravesite is a reminder of the destruction. and our need to plan and prepare<br \/>\nfor the future. \u00a0Federal Emergency<br \/>\nManagement Agency (FEMA) is currently developing a multi-year project to address<br \/>\nflooding in the Wyoming Valley. Development within the watershed has led to storm<br \/>\nwater runoff reaching the river faster and with the increased frequency and<br \/>\nintensity of storms, the threat of flooding intensifies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjS6HfJaJa5Uy-nT5EmgutuSZURMZ0EK7la25jw9gdkQu4VAeQaclo_nxEi2khtLEOt_GtA43aWkwF1MaABK--IuX2klMGZrAiY69VHqol-0bcAscG89BrX9-oSslFY_NbHikT2x5HPYzl-ABBDp7lbeBUosqbddwr-nFITqMJ75otwBfK4EbLyjcJKbQ\/s1192\/Picture2.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1144\" data-original-width=\"1192\" height=\"384\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjS6HfJaJa5Uy-nT5EmgutuSZURMZ0EK7la25jw9gdkQu4VAeQaclo_nxEi2khtLEOt_GtA43aWkwF1MaABK--IuX2klMGZrAiY69VHqol-0bcAscG89BrX9-oSslFY_NbHikT2x5HPYzl-ABBDp7lbeBUosqbddwr-nFITqMJ75otwBfK4EbLyjcJKbQ\/w400-h384\/Picture2.png\" width=\"400\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 2 Wilkes Barre, Luzerne County<br \/>Image courtesy of the Pennsylvania State Archives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">State and Federal agencies have put many planning tools in<br \/>\nplace since Agnes. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) dedicates<br \/>\nfunding to implement flood mitigation projects, to improve planning and<br \/>\nassistance for communities. \u00a0Flood<br \/>\ninsurance programs have expanded to assist homeowners and businesses impacted<br \/>\nwhen these events occur. Improved land management practices have been put in<br \/>\nplace to control run off from paved surfaces. Flood plain management programs<br \/>\nare updated and revised as development occurs which also impacts communities. These<br \/>\nmeasures are important tools for protecting our resources and preparing for the<br \/>\npotential of future flood events. The impact of climate change has already been<br \/>\nrealized in flash flood events and extreme fluctuations in temperature-by<br \/>\nrapidly melting snowpack due to a sudden spring thaw.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Archaeologists have examined climate change over time and<br \/>\nthe impact on cultures, but how did they adapt and change due to changing conditions?<br \/>\nOur climate has evolved since the first Ice Age 1.8 million years ago to the<br \/>\npresent, marked by extreme temperatures and drought. In the Paleoindian and<br \/>\nEarly Archaic periods, characterized by low population density, humans<br \/>\nresponded to changes in climate by moving to more favorable regions. During the<br \/>\nMiddle and Late Archaic periods families occupied all the river valleys and<br \/>\nmovement was generally not an option to offset population increase. Instead,<br \/>\nincremental technological improvements were incorporated to obtain food<br \/>\nresources more efficiently.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">\u00a0The decrease in<br \/>\nprecipitation and relatively high population density during the Sub-Boreal<br \/>\nepisode (5800-2850 years ago) required significant changes in Native American<br \/>\ntechnological systems. Technology was not the only solution and changes<br \/>\ncertainly occurred in social organization that resulted in groups that could<br \/>\nexploit the environment in a more organized and efficient manner. Hunting and<br \/>\ngathering was supplemented with the gardening of seed plants of the Eastern<br \/>\nAgricultural Complex. By 900 AD, gardening could not maintain pace with a<br \/>\ngrowing population and maize based agriculture became the dominant subsistence<br \/>\npattern. After 1350 AD, the Little Ice Age created some level of stress among<br \/>\nNative American farmers, especially those occupying the northern regions of<br \/>\nPennsylvania where frost -free growing seasons were reduced. High fertility<br \/>\nsoils and settings with more frost-free days would have been very important in<br \/>\nthis environment and competition for these settings may have contributed to the<br \/>\nwidespread social stress among groups. \u00a0<\/p>\n<table align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhL3XpYR6uuC15nP5eBXGq-U1izyx_OQIEt6rVWy54V8ErIOOZfDK-Bkc5Ujter6F9HIyV7axCuzeQdm6DeHnlK8_nPS9V73LesdpZi5zPbcnbvQnqul4bgKZ7vOCGSCuDmknAf8SRjEF12dbK9Lnr9WYZIW4ItEVTp_J4bP0BUtPqem0m2qLPTGCYJcg\/s1428\/Picture3.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"765\" data-original-width=\"1428\" height=\"214\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhL3XpYR6uuC15nP5eBXGq-U1izyx_OQIEt6rVWy54V8ErIOOZfDK-Bkc5Ujter6F9HIyV7axCuzeQdm6DeHnlK8_nPS9V73LesdpZi5zPbcnbvQnqul4bgKZ7vOCGSCuDmknAf8SRjEF12dbK9Lnr9WYZIW4ItEVTp_J4bP0BUtPqem0m2qLPTGCYJcg\/w400-h214\/Picture3.png\" width=\"400\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\/>\n<td class=\"tr-caption\">\n<p>Figure 3 Schultz site (36LA0007) diorama.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>PHMC image.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">In the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century, our high population density,<br \/>\na global economy, and an advanced technical society are part of a delicate<br \/>\ninterrelated cultural system. Climate is part of that system. Global warming<br \/>\nwill cause sea levels to rise. Populations will be displaced inland. Some<br \/>\ncities may be abandoned. In the United States, a decrease in rainfall is<br \/>\npredicted for the western corn belt and that will result in reduced food<br \/>\nproduction. An increase in hurricane activity is predicted along the East coast<br \/>\nand this will result in costly disasters. Competition for agricultural land and<br \/>\nthe resources to farm this land will increase and result in our own instances<br \/>\nof social stress. As in the past, we will have to develop technological and<br \/>\neconomic solutions to produce more foods. Scientists, farmers and concerned individuals<br \/>\nare already coming together to examine current agricultural practices and crop yield<br \/>\nand where changes can be made to better utilize our resources. Sustainability<br \/>\nof our food resources is vital to population growth, implementing best<br \/>\npractices for management of these resources is just one step we can take<br \/>\nnow.\u00a0 \u00a0Archaeologists have seen cultures adapt and<br \/>\nchange over thousands of years and that belief that we, as a society made up of<br \/>\nmany communities, will adapt and change for the future is promising.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">We hope you have enjoyed our Agnes series, for some it<br \/>\nreminded us of a significant event in our past, for others it was a picture<br \/>\ninto the past and an event that helped to form many of our land use and flood<br \/>\nprotection programs across the Commonwealth. Preservation of our cultural resources<br \/>\ncontinues as an initiative of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission<br \/>\n(PHMC).\u00a0 We encourage you to learn about<br \/>\nthe resources in your community and support the preservation of the<br \/>\narchaeological and historic sites that enrich our lives. \u00a0We remind everyone of the need to have an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ready.gov\/kit\" target=\"_blank\">emergency plan<\/a> in place for your household<br \/>\nand to engage in discussions within your community for emergency preparedness<br \/>\nand land use practices.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>For more information, visit <a href=\"http:\/\/www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us\"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us <\/a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.statemuseumpa.org\">The State Museum of Pennsylvania <\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With this blog we say good-bye to our series on Tropical Storm Agnes and her impact on the Commonwealth.\u00a0 The previous blogs have traced her path through the major river basins of Pennsylvania, leaving behind massive destruction and hardship. \u00a0Cultural resources \u2013 churches, museums, libraries, and cemeteries- were significantly impacted, but the communities surrounding them [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":80818,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[6359,17540,241,20872,1619],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-80817","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-agnes","tag-archaeology","tag-long","tag-pennsylvania","tag-week"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - 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