{"id":76571,"date":"2025-02-08T21:42:42","date_gmt":"2025-02-08T21:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/avocational-archaeologists-and-upper-delaware-valley-woodland-pottery\/"},"modified":"2025-02-08T21:42:42","modified_gmt":"2025-02-08T21:42:42","slug":"avocational-archaeologists-and-upper-delaware-valley-woodland-pottery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=76571","title":{"rendered":"Avocational Archaeologists and Upper Delaware Valley Woodland Pottery"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

\n

In This Week in Pennsylvania Archaeology (TWIPA) blog we are revisiting the \u201cPots of the Past\u201d series by showcasing some of the Precontact Woodland period pottery vessels that were recovered from the Upper Delaware Valley by Bill Leiser, Fred Assmus, and Dave Werner Sr. These gentlemen were avocational archaeologists with the Lenape Chapter 12, Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology, Inc. Their artifact collections, accumulated over many years (Werner 1972), were donated to the State Museum of Pennsylvania and New Jersey State Museum in 2019, 2014 and 2004.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Image from Archaeology in the Upper Delaware Valley. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Since the 1960\u2019s, many of the later Precontact Woodland period sites within the Delaware River valley have been impacted by commercial development and farming. Most of these sites were located between Port Jervis, New York and the Delaware Water Gap, a river distance of nearly forty miles.\u00a0 Additionally, some of these locations are now preserved by the Federal government as the Tocks Island Natural Recreation Area. Viewed from a research perspective, Precontact Woodland pottery from these archaeological collections become quite important. The Delaware Valley was the principal corridor where the camps and villages of Indigenous people lived and were the places where their objects were lost or discarded. Later, during our nation\u2019s colonial period this segment of the Delaware was the wayward pathway between strategic points of the valley from Fort Hunter, New York (erected in 1711-12) in the Mohawk Valley and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Wallace 1971).\u00a0 Two overland paths: the Lackawanna and the Minisink, located north of the \u201cGreat Swamp\u201d, linked this stretch of the Delaware River with the North Branch of the Susquehanna River (Evans 1755). These overland routes form a triangular-shaped corridor that Indigenous people, and later, Europeans, used to gain access to other parts of the Northeast west of the main Delaware Valley. So, having established a general environmental, archaeological, and historical back drop of the region let us now direct our attention to the images of Precontact Woodland pottery from these most interesting avocational collections.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Wallace\u2019s Indian Paths of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania
\nHistorical and Museum Commission<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

To begin, classification in any analysis is a procedure that requires researching older publications, reviewing the current literature, and by analyzing the actual archaeological specimens. Assigned typologies of the pottery featured in this blog were completed years ago by archaeologists (Kinsey 1972; Kraft 2001; Lenig 1965; MacNeish 1952). In our case, we present these pottery types using the terminology of the day when \u201cgroups\u201d or \u201cseries\u201d categories were used to analyze Precontact Woodland ceramics. A general chronology, based on radiocarbon dating when and where applicable, and the cross-comparison of decorations and form of each pottery type is also provided based on more recent investigation in the northeastern United States. We should, mention that there are other pottery types and their associated variants that exist from Upper Delaware Valley pottery collections, however, they are considered minority types that could be used for future TWIPA blog submissions.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The Owasco series <\/i>or Pahaquarra phase<\/i> (Kraft 1975) is the earliest beginning circa AD. 900 and lasting to circa 1300 (~1100- 700 years ago). Owasco pottery has a wide distribution in the Northeast and parts of the Middle Atlantic area. It is most common, however, in northern Pennsylvania\/New Jersey and southern New York. The Intermediate series called the Oak Hill phase<\/i> is considered a \u201ctransitional\u201d pottery phase that began circa AD. 1300 with ancestral roots in Owasco and ended circa 1400. It also overlaps with the area defined for Owasco though many examples are found geographically as far south as the Overpeck site on the middle Delaware and the early Shenks Ferry Blue Rock phase sites in the Lower Susquehanna valley. The end of the precontact Woodland pottery sequence in the Upper Delaware is characterized by the Tribal series called the Minisink phase from AD. 1400-1650<\/i>. During the mid-years of the Minisink phase (circa AD. 1520 -1575) European trade goods filtered into the Upper Delaware Valley from the Atlantic coast, marking the early years of the Contact period in this region. During this period of Indigenous occupation in the Upper Delaware Valley, temporally distinct pottery variants of the Lenape Delaware culture overlap at some of the archaeological sites elsewhere.\u00a0 These variants have been traced northward into the headwaters of New Jersey and New York\u2019s Hudson Valley. This phenomenon suggests that an unmeasured level of social interaction developed among Algonquin and Iroquoian groups living there (Brumbach 1975). In like manner, some of these late-stage pottery types spread into the pre-contact North Branch valley sites of the Susquehanna where they shared ancestral links with the Cayuga and Susquehannock tribes (Herbstritt 2020; Kent 1984).\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n

Precontact Woodland Pottery Vessels from the Leiser, Assmus and Werner Collections<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

Early Stage – Owasco series (Pahaquarra phase)<\/b><\/p>\n

\t<\/span>\u00a0 \t<\/span> (Levanna Cord-on-Cord)<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(Sackett Corded)<\/p>\n

\t\t<\/span>(Castle Creek Punctate collarless variety)<\/p>\n

Middle Stage – Intermediate series (Oak Hill Phase)<\/b><\/p>\n

\t\t<\/span>(Owasco Corded Collar)<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (Kelso Corded)<\/p>\n

\t<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (Oak Hill Corded)<\/p>\n

Late Stage – Tribal series (Minisink phase)\t<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(Chance incised)<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(Durfee Underlined)<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (Garoga Incised)<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (Munsee Incised)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

We hope that you have enjoyed this journey through time that featured examples of some of the major precontact Woodland pottery vessels from the Leiser, Assmus and Werner collections. Building upon these typologies for identifying pottery types is a tool for archaeologists in tracing these culture groups and their activities across the landscape. Examining the variations of these pottery types and working with other researchers and indigenous groups, offers a more complete picture of the significance of Precontact pottery to these cultures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Levanna Cord-on-Cord, Early Stage – The State Museum of Pennsylvania\u00a0<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sackett Corded, Early Stage – The State Museum of Pennsylvania<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Carpenter Brook Cord-on-Cord – The State Museum of Pennsylvania<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Castle Creek Punctate, Early Stage – The State Museum of Pennsylvania<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nOak Hill Corded, Middle Stage – The State Museum of Pennsylvania<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kelso Corded, Middle Stage – The State Museum of Pennsylvania<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Durfee Underlined, Late Stage – The State Museum of Pennsylvania<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Garoga Incised, Late Stage – The State Museum of Pennsylvania<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\nMunsee Incised, Late Stage – The State Museum of Pennsylvania<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

We invite you to visit with us
\nagain when we present additional interesting topics on Pennsylvania
\nArchaeology. As a reminder, please take a moment to visit the PHMC web site<\/a> for registration and other information about the annual Workshops
\nin Archaeology Program<\/b> that will be held at The State Museum of
\nPennsylvania on October 29th\u00a0 <\/sup>2022<\/a>. This year\u2019s theme PATHWAYS TO
\nTHE PAST will explore the various paths indigenous groups used to navigate
\ntrade and exchange as well as the contributions archaeology has made in
\ndiscovering unknown stories of the past. <\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

References Cited<\/b><\/p>\n

Brumbach, Hettie J.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cIroquoian\u201d
\nCeramics in \u201cAlgonkian\u201d Territory. Man in the Northeast<\/i> 10: 17-28.<\/p>\n

Evans, Lewis <\/p>\n

1755\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The
\nGeneral Map of the Middle British Colonies in North America.<\/i> J. Almon,
\nLondon.<\/p>\n

Herbstritt, James T.<\/p>\n

2020\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Late Woodland Period in the
\nSusquehanna and Northern Potomac Drainage Basins, Circa AD 1100-1575 In: The
\nArchaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania<\/i>. Volume II. University of
\nPennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.<\/p>\n

Kent, Barry C. <\/p>\n

1984\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Susquehanna\u2019s Indians. Anthropological
\nSeries<\/i> No.6. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.<\/p>\n

Kinsey, W. Fred III<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Archeology of the Upper Delaware Valley:
\nA Study of the Cultural Chronology of the Tocks Island Reservoir. Anthropological
\nSeries <\/i>Number 2. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.<\/p>\n

Kraft, Herbert C.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Archaeology of the Tocks Island
\nArea<\/i>. Archaeological research Center\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n

2001\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage:
\n10,000 BC to AD 2000<\/i>. Lenape Books <\/p>\n

Lenig, Donald<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Oak Hill Horizon and its Relation to
\nthe Development of the Five Nations Iroquois Culture. Researches and
\nTransactions of the New York State Archaeological Association<\/i>, Vol. 15,
\nNo.1 Buffalo.<\/p>\n

MacNeish, Richard S.<\/p>\n

1952\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Iroquois Pottery Types: A Technique for
\nthe Study of Iroquois Prehistory. National Museum of Canada Bulletin <\/i>No.
\n124. Ottawa.<\/p>\n

Wallace, Paul A.W. <\/p>\n

1971\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indian
\nPaths of Pennsylvania<\/i>. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
\nHarrisburg.<\/p>\n

Werner, David J.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Zimmerman Site 36-Pi-14. In: Archaeology
\nof the Upper Delaware Valley: A Study of the Cultural Chronology of the Tocks
\nIsland Reservoir. Anthropological Series<\/i> No.2. The Pennsylvania
\nHistorical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.<\/p>\n

For more information, visit PAarchaeology.state.pa.us <\/a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at The State Museum of Pennsylvania <\/a>.\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In This Week in Pennsylvania Archaeology (TWIPA) blog we are revisiting the \u201cPots of the Past\u201d series by showcasing some of the Precontact Woodland period pottery vessels that were recovered from the Upper Delaware Valley by Bill Leiser, Fred Assmus, and Dave Werner Sr. These gentlemen were avocational archaeologists with the Lenape Chapter 12, Society […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":76572,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[31235,39156,28870,2623,21640,4751,22912],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-76571","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-archaeologists","tag-avocational","tag-delaware","tag-pottery","tag-upper","tag-valley","tag-woodland"],"yoast_head":"\nAvocational Archaeologists and Upper Delaware Valley Woodland Pottery - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=76571\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Avocational Archaeologists and Upper Delaware Valley Woodland Pottery - 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