{"id":76113,"date":"2025-02-08T16:25:56","date_gmt":"2025-02-08T16:25:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/application-of-archaeological-anthropology-and-cultural-resources-management\/"},"modified":"2025-02-08T16:25:56","modified_gmt":"2025-02-08T16:25:56","slug":"application-of-archaeological-anthropology-and-cultural-resources-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=76113","title":{"rendered":"Application of Archaeological Anthropology and Cultural Resources Management"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"post-body-555253272509344973\" itemprop=\"description articleBody\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Archaeology<br \/>\nis the study of human past through material remains. archaeologists study past humans<br \/>\nand societies primarily through their material remains \u2013 the buildings, tools,<br \/>\nand other artifacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left<br \/>\nover from former societies. Archaeology, then, is both a physical activity out<br \/>\nin the field, and an intellectual pursuit in the study or laboratory.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Nevertheless,<br \/>\none of the most challenging tasks for the archaeologist today is to know how to<br \/>\ninterpret material culture in human terms. How were those pots used? Why are<br \/>\nsome dwellings round and others square? Here the methods of archaeology and<br \/>\nethnography overlap. Archaeologists in recent decades have developed<br \/>\nethnoarchaeology, where like ethnographers they live among contemporary communities,<br \/>\nbut with the specific purpose of understanding how such societies use material<br \/>\nculture \u2013 how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements<br \/>\nwhere they do, and so on. Moreover, archaeology has an active role to play in<br \/>\nthe field of conservation. Heritage studies constitute a developing field,<br \/>\nwhere it is realized that the world\u2019s cultural heritage is a diminishing<br \/>\nresource, and one which holds different meanings for different people. The<br \/>\npresentation of the findings of archaeology to the public cannot avoid difficult<br \/>\npolitical issues, and the museum curator and the popularizer today have<br \/>\nresponsibilities which some can be seen to have failed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Some of<br \/>\nthe major areas of application of archaeological knowledge are as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhYBjmxKCy1uBdbtuVVcAp0U1hs-zWgsyGn91b5I-GT0b8k7_nLB4dIqXmNgaQm85_psBORtoL0pDeqtE7SSlZTmfzGX1wawMPkIoH7-knNPaoLl-rUb_xf_VoFKG8dWzZFJWV8Bvo19gEV\/s960\/Slide1.JPG\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"720\" data-original-width=\"960\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhYBjmxKCy1uBdbtuVVcAp0U1hs-zWgsyGn91b5I-GT0b8k7_nLB4dIqXmNgaQm85_psBORtoL0pDeqtE7SSlZTmfzGX1wawMPkIoH7-knNPaoLl-rUb_xf_VoFKG8dWzZFJWV8Bvo19gEV\/w400-h300\/Slide1.JPG\" width=\"400\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Cultural Resource<br \/>\nManagement:<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">The economic<br \/>\ngrowth in 1960s in Turley led to the construction of roads and buildings, which<br \/>\nthreatened and destroyed many archaeological sites and led to a new emphasison<br \/>\nmanaging the cultural heritage (Cultural Resource Management, or CRM), either<br \/>\nby preservation, or by recording and excavation prior to destruction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Cultural<br \/>\nresource management (CRM) is the theory and practice of managing, preserving,<br \/>\nand interpreting cultural resources within a social and legal context. \u2018Cultural<br \/>\nresources\u2019 refers to a wide variety of material and nonmaterial expressions of<br \/>\nhuman social groups and cultures in the environment. The category includes<br \/>\narchaeological remains, buildings and structures, landscapes and places, towns<br \/>\nand neighborhoods, objects, historical documents, folk traditions, and other<br \/>\nthings associated with and valued by people.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Here<br \/>\nthe role the role of the archaeologist is to locate and record sites before<br \/>\nthey are destroyed by new roads, buildings, or dams, or by peatcutting and<br \/>\ndrainage in wetlands. In the USA a large number of sites are located and recorded<br \/>\nin inventories every year under Cultural Resource Management (CRM) laws which<br \/>\nwere considerably broadened and strengthened in the 1970s. Proper liaison with<br \/>\nthe developer should allow archaeological survey to take place in advance along<br \/>\nthe projected line of road or in the path of development. Important sites thus<br \/>\ndiscovered may require excavation, and in some cases can even cause<br \/>\nconstruction plans to be altered. Certain archaeological remainsunearthed<br \/>\nduring the digging of subways in Rome and Mexico City were incorporated into<br \/>\nthe station architecture. In Britain, as in the USA, most excavations and<br \/>\nsurveys<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">are<br \/>\nundertaken in the context of cultural resource management \u2013 the influence of<br \/>\nthe British \u201cNational Planning Policy Framework\u201d has meant that expenditure on<br \/>\narchaeology by developers has grown to c. \u00a310 million ($15.4 million) annually.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Most<br \/>\nof the civilised nations now have numerous legislations regarding the preservation<br \/>\nof national heritage and archaeologists are employed to assess apriori on a)<br \/>\nwhether the place where construction activities will be undertaken has certain<br \/>\narchaeological values or not, b) if it has then assessment of the nature of the<br \/>\nsite, c) if needed the entire site can be preserved, or recorded and then<br \/>\nallowed the construction activities. Where as in countries like North America<br \/>\nit is important for construction workers to seek permission of the<br \/>\narchaeologists, as just been mentioned, in India the Archaeological Survey of<br \/>\nIndia has the authority to declare a place as heritage and acquire it for<br \/>\npreservation. Different state archaeology departments also actively engage<br \/>\nthemselves in declaring certain archaeologically important artefact as<br \/>\nheritage. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Cultural Heritage:<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">In<br \/>\norder to understand the CRM and the need for it, we also need a clearer perception<br \/>\nof the term cultural heritage. Cultural Heritage (\u2018\u2018national heritage\u2019\u2019 or<br \/>\n\u2018\u2018heritage\u2019\u2019) refers to the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible<br \/>\nattributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained<br \/>\nin the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Heritages<br \/>\nare of two kinds, the physical object ranging from tiny beads to pyramids and<br \/>\nnon-objects like knowledge, custom, oral traditions, performing arts, social<br \/>\npractices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature<br \/>\nand the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Tangible Cultural Heritage:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Also<br \/>\nknown as Cultural property, the tangible cultural heritage includes the<br \/>\nphysical, or &#8220;tangible&#8221; cultural products. These include anything,<br \/>\nfrom tiny artefact to large monuments or artworks. They are either movable or immovable<br \/>\nheritage. Immovable heritage includes building so (which themselves may include<br \/>\ninstalled art such as organs, stained glass windows, and frescos), large<br \/>\nindustrial installations, residential projects or other historic places and<br \/>\nmonuments. Moveable heritage includes books, documents, moveable artworks,<br \/>\nmachines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are considered worthy of<br \/>\npreservation for the future. These include objects significant to the<br \/>\narchaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specified culture. <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.law.uic.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&amp;context=ripl\">Click<br \/>\nhere for more details<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Aspects<br \/>\nand disciplines of the preservation and conservation of tangible culture<br \/>\ninclude:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Museology<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Archival<br \/>\nscience<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Conservation<br \/>\n(cultural heritage)<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Art<br \/>\nconservation<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Archaeological<br \/>\nconservation<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Architectural<br \/>\nconservation<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Film<br \/>\npreservation<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Phonograph<br \/>\nrecord preservation<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Digital<br \/>\npreservation<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Intangible Cultural Heritage:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">&#8220;Intangible<br \/>\ncultural heritage&#8221; consists of non-physical aspects of a particular<br \/>\nculture, more often maintained by social customs during a specific period in<br \/>\nhistory. The concept includes the ways and means of behavior in a society, and<br \/>\nthe often formal rules for operating in a particular cultural climate. These<br \/>\ninclude social values and traditions, customs and practices, aesthetic and<br \/>\nspiritual beliefs, artistic expression, language and other aspects of human<br \/>\nactivity. The significance of physical artifacts can be interpreted as an act<br \/>\nagainst the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious and<br \/>\nphilosophical values of a particular group of people. Naturally, intangible<br \/>\ncultural heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects. <a href=\"https:\/\/ich.unesco.org\/en\/what-is-intangible-heritage-00003\">Click here<br \/>\nfor more details<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Aspects<br \/>\nof the preservation and conservation of cultural intangibles include:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">folklore<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">oral<br \/>\nhistory<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">language<br \/>\npreservation<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Further<br \/>\nreading:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">1.<span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Colin<br \/>\nRenfrew and Paul Bahn (2016) <i>Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice. <\/i>New<br \/>\nYork: Thames and Hudson<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNoSpacing\" style=\"margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">2.<span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/b><!--[endif]--><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;\">Deborah<br \/>\nM.Pearsall (Ed.) (2008) <i>Encyclopedia of Archaeology<\/i>. California: Elsevier<br \/>\n<br clear=\"all\" style=\"mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;\"\/><br \/>\n<b\/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Archaeology is the study of human past through material remains. archaeologists study past humans and societies primarily through their material remains \u2013 the buildings, tools, and other artifacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies. Archaeology, then, is both a physical activity out in the field, and an [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":76114,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[3735,14235,27844,5170,5984,5298],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-76113","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-anthropology","tag-application","tag-archaeological","tag-cultural","tag-management","tag-resources"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Application of Archaeological Anthropology and Cultural Resources Management - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=76113\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Application of Archaeological Anthropology and Cultural Resources Management - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Archaeology is the study of human past through material remains. archaeologists study past humans and societies primarily through their material remains \u2013 the buildings, tools, and other artifacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies. 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