{"id":7035035,"date":"2026-08-09T10:29:16","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T10:29:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/uncategorized\/ancient-arms-race-sharpened-our-immune-system-which-still-left-us-weak\/"},"modified":"2026-08-09T10:29:16","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T10:29:16","slug":"ancient-arms-race-sharpened-our-immune-system-which-still-left-us-weak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=7035035","title":{"rendered":"Ancient arms race sharpened our immune system, which still left us weak"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n\"Ancient<\/a><\/div>\n
\nAt a recent conference held on the evolution of infectious
\ndiseases, pathologist Nissi Varki, University of California, San Diego (<\/a>UCSD),
\nobserved that humans suffer from a long list of fatal diseases \u2014 including
\ntyphoid fever, cholera, mumps, whooping cough, measles, smallpox, polio, and
\ngonorrhea \u2014 that don’t bother chimpanzees and most other mammals.<\/div>\n
\nBoth these bacteria follow the same mechanism to get into
\nour cells: they target sugar molecules called sialic acids. Hundreds of
\nmillions of these sugars study the outer surface of any cell in the human body
\n\u2014 and human sialic acids differ from apes.<\/div>\n
\nVarki and an international research <\/a>team have now studied
\nhow nature could have struggled to develop new defenses after molecular
\ninstability appeared in our distant ancestors. Through studying current human
\ngenomes and ancient DNA from our extinct ancestors, Neanderthals and
\nDenisovans, the researchers found an evolutionary explosion of our immune cells
\nthat happened at least 600,000 years ago in an ancestor of all three human
\nforms.<\/div>\n
\nAs researchers write in Genome Biology and Evolution’s current problem, these genetic modifications may have sharpened the body’s
\ndefenses against the pathogens emerging to target sialic acids \u2014 but produced
\nnew vulnerabilities. In an additional irony, they say, the characteristic
\nsialic acids of humans were once a defense against disease.<\/div>\n
\nEvolutionary saga is a dramatic example of human-microbe
\nrivalry, says microbiologist Christine Szymanski of Georgia University<\/a>, Athens,
\nwho is not a co-author. “This gives a human perspective on how to keep
\nchanging to keep pace.”<\/div>\n
\nThe domain for this biological arms race is glycocalyx, a
\nsugar-coating that covers the cells’ outer membrane. It consists of a bacterial
\nforest from the cell membrane. Sialic acids are at the tip of the strongest
\nroots, sugar chains or glycans, embedded lower in the membrane of fats and
\nproteins.<\/div>\n
\nDespite their importance and number, sialic acids are
\ntypically the first molecules to meet invading pathogens. One form of sialic acid,
\nN-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), coats human cells. Yet apes and other humans
\nalso bear another, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc).<\/div>\n
\nAccording to multiple molecular clock methods, a mutation in
\nthe CMAH gene on chromosome six made it impossible for human ancestors to
\nproduce Neu5Gc anymore; instead, they made more of another sialic acid, Neu5Ac.
\n“We now learn we have an ancient full structure of the surface of human
\ncells,” says UCSD evolutionary biologist Pascal Gagneux, co-author of the
\nnew article. Birds, rats, ferrets, and New World monkeys made the same genetic
\ntransition independently.<\/div>\n
\nThe move likely emerged as a defense against malaria, says
\nUCSD physicist-scientist Ajit Varki, paper’s senior author and Nissi Varki ‘s
\nhusband. Malarial parasites that infect chimpanzees will no longer bind our red
\nblood cells with altered sialic acids.<\/div>\n
\nYet it became a vulnerability over the next million years or
\nso, as Neu5Ac became a preferred gateway for a flurry of other pathogens. At
\nthe symposium on infectious disease organized by UCSD’s Anthropogeny Academic
\nResearch and Training Center, researchers described how multiple diseases
\nevolved to use Neu5Ac to enter cells or evade immune cells.<\/div>\n
\nCoronaviruses are no different. “Many coronaviruses
\ninfect cells in two stages \u2014 first, by establishing abundant sialic acids as
\nbinding sites to obtain<\/div>\n
\nA foothold, and then higher-affinity protein receptors like
\nACE2, “says Ajit Varki. “Think of it as an initial handshake or the presentation needed before a date can be demanded.” Two preprints say the
\nnovel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, also docks with sialic acids before binding to
\nhuman cells with the ACE2 receptor.<\/div>\n
\nIn previous research, Ajit Varki and Gagneux proposed cell
\nstructure and the lack of Neu5Gc may have led to the emergence of a new
\nspecies in our Homo genus. When a woman with only Neu5Ac sialic acids matted
\nwith a man who also expressed Neu5Gc, she may have denied the man’s sperm or
\nthe fetus resulted from it.<\/div>\n
\nMore than 2 million years ago, researchers hypothesized,
\nthis reproductive barrier may have helped split homo populations into separate
\ngroups.<\/div>\n
\nBut the change in sialic acid also sparked a new arms race
\nbetween pathogens and our ancestors. Researchers scanned DNA for immune genes
\nin six Neanderthals, two Denisovans, and 1000 humans in the latest research and
\neven looked at hundreds of chimps, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans. We found
\nevolutionary modifications that “markedly changed” one family of
\nproteins\u2014sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins, or Siglecs\u2014usually
\nsitting on human immune cells’ surface and detecting sialic acids.<\/div>\n
\nSiglecs are molecular sentries: they check sialic acids to
\nsee if they are common body components or alien invaders. When Siglecs find
\ndamaged or absent sialic acids, they signal immune cells to activate, rousing
\nan aggressive force to strike foreign invaders or clean damaged cells. When,
\nthen, sialic acids tend to be natural components of our own bodies, other,
\ninhibitory Siglecs turn down immune responses to prevent targeting our own tissues
\n(see graph above).<\/div>\n
\nResearchers reported functional variations in eight out of
\n13 Siglecs genomic DNA expressed in a CD33 gene cluster on chromosome 19 in
\nhumans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans. This hot spot in evolution happened only
\ninvariants in Siglec genes, not in adjacent chromosome genes, indicating that
\nnatural selection favored these changes, possibly because they helped combat
\npathogens attacking Neu5Ac.<\/div>\n

Apes didn’t show these changes, says first
\nauthor Naazneen Khan, an evolutionary biologist at Kentucky University.
\nConsidering the prevalence of mutations in ancient hominins, this explosion in\u00a0<\/span>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

At a recent conference held on the evolution of infectious diseases, pathologist Nissi Varki, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), observed that humans suffer from a long list of fatal diseases \u2014 including typhoid fever, cholera, mumps, whooping cough, measles, smallpox, polio, and gonorrhea \u2014 that don’t bother chimpanzees and most other mammals. Both these […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7035036,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[12656,9622,951,5138,8785,198121,2345,23425],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-7035035","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-ancient","tag-arms","tag-immune","tag-left","tag-race","tag-sharpened","tag-system","tag-weak"],"yoast_head":"\nAncient arms race sharpened our immune system, which still left us weak - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=7035035\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ancient arms race sharpened our immune system, which still left us weak - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"At a recent conference held on the evolution of infectious diseases, pathologist Nissi Varki, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), observed that humans suffer from a long list of fatal diseases \u2014 including typhoid fever, cholera, mumps, whooping cough, measles, smallpox, polio, and gonorrhea \u2014 that don’t bother chimpanzees and most other mammals. 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