{"id":7033329,"date":"2026-08-08T07:53:46","date_gmt":"2026-08-08T07:53:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/fascist-holiday-houses-as-difficult-heritage-anthropolitan\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T07:53:46","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T07:53:46","slug":"fascist-holiday-houses-as-difficult-heritage-anthropolitan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=7033329","title":{"rendered":"Fascist Holiday Houses as \u2018Difficult Heritage\u2019\u00a0 \u2013 Anthropolitan"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

\n

By
Gaia Baldi\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong>
MSc Digital Anthropology<\/em><\/p>\n

\n
\n
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The ruins of Colonia Varese\u00a0behind a\u00a0bathing\u00a0establishment, photo by author.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

I cannot remember the first time the abandoned behemoths\u00a0looming\u00a0on Romagna\u2019s beaches caught my attention. Their state of extreme disrepair both fascinates and unsettles me and many others, including urban\u00a0explorers1<\/sup>\u00a0interested in Romagna\u2019s ruins. Their size and location puzzled me as a child, and so did the fact that there are multiple sites of the same kind in each seaside town\u00a0I\u2019ve\u00a0ever been to in Romagna. I started asking my family about these mysterious structures, who then explained that they\u00a0were \u2018colonie\u2019,\u00a0structures that once housed children during\u00a0the\u00a0summer,\u00a0built especially during the\u00a0Fascist Era (1922-1945)2<\/sup>.\u202f\u00a0<\/p>\n

Colonie<\/em>3<\/sup>\u00a0were first conceptualised in Europe in the late nineteenth century as free sanatoria and centres of leisure for children (Pilat and Sanza 2020). Until the mid-twentieth century,\u00a0colonie\u00a0were a significant welfare provision for many working-class families. Attending them became significantly rare by the 1970s, as people had started vacationing with their children more,\u00a0and diseases such as Tuberculosis had waned (ibid.). The very\u00a0colonie\u00a0that still\u00a0operate\u00a0nowadays are properties of\u00a0either\u00a0major corporations or the Catholic Church.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

The most famous example is the Colonia Agip, owned by the eponymous Italian oil\u00a0company.4<\/sup> It was a colonia built during\u00a0Fascism; in fact, it was originally named after one of Mussolini\u2019s nephews (Sanza 2023, 157). Under Fascism, the construction of holiday houses for children was particularly intense and took on associated characteristics. State officials had devised\u00a0colonie\u00a0as a primary site of indoctrination for children, which was considered fundamental to sustaining the regime. In this context,\u00a0colonie\u00a0were not necessarily pleasant places; they were structures where children were strictly disciplined and their daily lives regulated following the guidelines contained in the\u00a0Regolamento delle Colonie Climatiche<\/em>\u00a0by the Giovent\u00f9 Italiana del\u00a0Littorio\u00a0(GIL)5<\/sup>\u00a0(ibid., 151).\u00a0<\/p>\n

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The\u00a0Colonia Agip,\u00a0still active\u00a0today. Cesenatico, July 2023.\u00a0Photo by author.\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Architectural historian Arne Winkelmann (2024) writes that the originally \u2018humanitarian\u2019 character of children\u2019s holiday camps was fundamentally transformed by Mussolini\u2019s regime. The typical colonia became a site for national paramilitary youth organisations\u00a0as an\u00a0attempt\u00a0to shape\u00a0a \u2018strong\u2019 new generation. Winkelmann\u00a0(ibid.)\u00a0points out that Fascist\u00a0colonie\u00a0are examples of\u00a0Razionalismo<\/em>, Mussolini\u2019s preferred architectural current. They fuelled the dictator\u2019s cult of personality through names celebrating him or his family members and inscriptions that bore his quotes. Decorators added Fascist symbols onto the buildings and integrated them into murals. Structures and art celebrated imperialism and militarism through iconography, barracked\u00a0sleeping\u00a0and strict hierarchies. The summer programme required having\u00a0\u201cconversations on Fascist culture\u201d\u00a0and\u00a0\u201creadings on Fascist culture and patriotic topics\u201d\u00a0every day (Pilat and Sanza 2020, 114).\u00a0<\/p>\n

I was writing this piece on April 25th, the Anniversary of the Liberation of Italy from Nazism and Fascism. For a long time, certain political actors have\u00a0attempted\u00a0to diminish this antifascist national holiday and treat it as \u2018contentious\u2019.\u00a0Similarly, the topic of what to do with\u00a0Fascist architecture tends to generate extreme debates. I say that the cumbersome remains of\u00a0colonie\u00a0may be regarded as akin to a physical manifestation of these tensions, of a \u2018difficult\u2019 Fascist inheritance that\u00a0remains\u00a0indisputably present. Colonie occupy a peculiar position in debates on Fascism\u2019s\u00a0legacy, often forgotten as part of its institutions \u2013 how can they be situated in the discourse, if at all?\u00a0<\/p>\n

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The abandoned\u00a0Colonia Montecatini\u00a0seen from the beach.\u00a0Cervia, July 2022. Photo by author.\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

In her works on negotiations with the material legacy of the Nazis in Nuremberg, anthropologist Sharon Macdonald (2009) uses the term \u2018difficult heritage\u2019 to refer to \u201ca past that is recognised as meaningful in the present but that is also contested and awkward for public reconciliation with a positive, self-affirming contemporary identity\u201d (ibid., 1). Anthropologist Paolo Heywood (2025) recently pointed to sites of Fascist pilgrimage, such as Mussolini\u2019s hometown (also in Romagna), as manifestations of this \u2018difficult\u2019 heritage at the centre of complex struggles over what to remember and what to forget. Yet these debates cannot be reduced to a binary choice between remembrance and erasure. As Heywood argues, it is important to remember that neofascists are also \u201cjust as likely as anyone else to think that \u2018remembering freely\u2019 is ethical, and that forgetfulness is a sin\u201d (ibid., 125).\u00a0<\/p>\n

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An unknown\u00a0Colonia, covered in weeds and\u00a0mold. Cesenatico, July 2023. Photo by author.\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

While reading Macdonald\u2019s\u00a0(2006)\u00a0article\u00a0Words in Stone<\/em>\u00a0for the module Art in the Public Sphere, I constantly thought of\u00a0colonie. In the article, Macdonald points out that Nazi regime architects had indeed envisioned a future where their buildings would become compelling \u2018elegant ruins\u2019,\u00a0which is something I partly see happening with\u00a0colonie. The strategy that was adopted in Nuremberg was to keep the Nazi buildings in a state of \u2018semi-disrepair\u2019\u00a0<\/sup>(ibid., 120). Macdonald does not consider it a particularly effective strategy, but it still made me wonder whether the\u00a0colonie\u00a0operate on the same logic. What about those built postwar, for example? Whilst they lacked explicit Fascist rituals or symbols, they may have carried pieces of this legacy regardless, given the depth of the mark that the regime had left on this kind of institution.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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The former\u00a0Colonia\u00a0Charitas Ambrosiana,\u00a0built\u00a0postwar. Cesenatico, July 2023. Photo by author.\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Macdonald\u2019s article also shows how buildings have agency. Totalitarian regimes of the 20th century have used architecture to\u00a0transmit\u00a0their ideology and influence their subjects. The same can be said of\u00a0colonie; in addition to its explicitly Fascist elements, Mussolini also wanted\u00a0colonie\u00a0to be noticeable and striking even from afar (Sanza 2023, 155). It is worth noting that they were disproportionately large for adults, let alone children, who would have been completely engulfed by them. I felt most perturbed by these buildings as a child \u2013\u00a0they made me feel smaller and more powerless than I already felt. I did not need to know their full history or everything about\u00a0Fascism\u00a0to assume that they once housed something sinister. Their language has lasted through the decades,\u00a0sending\u00a0a message\u00a0that, above all, commemorates\u00a0overpowering others. Being on Adriatic beaches where people gather for leisure, they tend not to be regarded as a place where \u2018history was made\u2019.\u00a0Yet they furthered a certain idea of public health and childhood while also being sites of bombings, Mussolini speeches, and Allied encampments (after 1943). Today, homeless people seek shelter in these abandoned buildings, becoming part of their histories too.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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On the left, beach boxes and a small boat. In the\u00a0center, the southern wing of the\u00a0Colonia Varese\u00a0used\u00a0by the Allied troops\u00a0as an infirmary during WWII.\u00a0Cervia, July 2022.\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

My point is not to give a definitive answer on what should be done with the\u00a0colonie. In fact,\u00a0I believe the public\u00a0has to\u00a0further recognise their relevance before engaging in discussion. There should be more education about them and efforts to increase awareness of their historical significance. Winkelmann (2024, 110) suggests that in seaside towns like Cesenatico or Riccione where\u00a0colonie\u00a0are aplenty, there should be\u00a0didactic interventions that address the historical\u00a0objectives\u00a0of the camps.\u00a0I would have appreciated an initiative that answered the many questions I had (and still have) about them. While my family supported my curiosity, we could hardly find any publicly accessible information about them that was reflexive or that went beyond superficial accounts.\u202f It is not that there is no information about them at all, or that no scholar has studied them. What I mean is that this information\u00a0largely remains\u00a0concealed from visitors to Romagna, unlike the very visible\u00a0colonie\u2013\u00a0<\/em>a difficult\u00a0history\u00a0I\u00a0attempt\u00a0to give justice to through\u00a0my\u00a0writing.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Colonia Varese\u00a0seen from the beach.\u00a0Cervia, July 2022.\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Footnotes<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n

1<\/sup>\u00a0See for instance\u00a0the urbex website\u00a0Ascosi\u00a0Lasciti<\/em>\u00a0https:\/\/ascosilasciti.com\/it\/tag\/colonie\u2013\u00a0abbandonate\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

2<\/sup>\u00a0The Fascist Era is a period of Italian history in which the country was ruled as a totalitarian dictatorship by Benito Mussolini of the National Fascist Party, beginning with a coup in 1922 and lasting until 1943 (or 1945 in parts of the nation)\u00a0<\/p>\n

3\u00a0<\/sup>Plural of the word\u00a0colonia\u00a0<\/em>which\u00a0<\/em>literally translate\u00a0to \u2018colony\u2019,\u00a0colonie\u00a0<\/em>were part of a process of construction of new settlements under\u00a0Fascism\u00a0<\/p>\n

4<\/sup>\u00a0<\/sup>AGIP\u00a0was a petroleum retailer founded by the Mussolini government. It recently merged with ENI, one of the \u2018supermajor\u2019 oil companies partly owned and controlled by the government\u00a0of Italy to this day. Their colonia still hosts children of employees every summer\u00a0<\/p>\n

5\u00a0<\/sup>The [Climatic] Colonie Regulations by the Italian Youth of the Lictor by the GL. The GIL is the collective youth organisations of the Fascist Party\u00a0<\/p>\n

References<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n

Heywood, Paolo. 2025. \u201cBlessed Acts of Oblivion: On the Ethics of Forgetting.\u201d\u202fCultural Anthropology<\/em>\u202f40 (1): 105\u2013\u00a0130.\u202f\u00a0<\/p>\n

Macdonald, Sharon. 2006. \u201cWords in Stone? Agency and Identity in a Nazi Landscape.\u201d\u202fJournal of Material Culture<\/em>\u202f11 (1\u2013\u00a02): 105\u2013\u00a0126.\u202f\u00a0<\/p>\n

Macdonald, Sharon. 2009.\u202fDifficult Heritage: Negotiating the Nazi Past in Nuremberg and Beyond<\/em>. London: Routledge.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Pilat, Stephanie, and Paolo Sanza. 2020. \u201cArchitectural Pragmatism and Poetry: Childhood in Fascist Era Summer Camps.\u201d\u202fChildhood in the Past<\/em>\u202f13 (2): 109\u2013\u00a0120.\u202f\u00a0<\/p>\n

Sanza, Paolo. 2023. \u201cEscaping\u00a0Indoorness: Education and Architecture in Italy\u2019s Summer Camps during the Fascist Era.\u201d In\u202fThe Curriculum of the Body and the School\u00a0as Clinic: Histories of Public Health and Schooling<\/em>, edited by Kellie Burns and Helen Proctor. London: Routledge.\u202f\u00a0<\/p>\n

Winkelmann, Arne. 2024. \u201cCredere,\u00a0obbedire, curare: Le\u00a0finalit\u00e0\u00a0politiche\u00a0delle\u00a0colonie\u00a0per\u00a0l\u2019infanzia\u00a0nell\u2019Italia\u00a0fascista\u202f[Believe, Obey, Recover: The Political Purpose of the Italian Fascist Colonie].\u201d\u202fIN_BO.\u00a0Ricerche\u00a0e\u00a0Progetti\u00a0per il\u00a0Territorio, la Citt\u00e0 e\u00a0l\u2019Architettura<\/em>\u202f15 (19): 94\u2013\u00a0111.\u00a0<\/p>\n

This piece is a response to Temporalities<\/em>, the theme of our 2026 print issue, which you can read here.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ByGaia Baldi\u00a0MSc Digital Anthropology The ruins of Colonia Varese\u00a0behind a\u00a0bathing\u00a0establishment, photo by author. I cannot remember the first time the abandoned behemoths\u00a0looming\u00a0on Romagna\u2019s beaches caught my attention. Their state of extreme disrepair both fascinates and unsettles me and many others, including urban\u00a0explorers1\u00a0interested in Romagna\u2019s ruins. Their size and location puzzled me as a child, and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7033330,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[13553,15689,20833,3332,2697,14679],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-7033329","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-anthropolitan","tag-difficult","tag-fascist","tag-heritage","tag-holiday","tag-houses"],"yoast_head":"\nFascist Holiday Houses as \u2018Difficult Heritage\u2019\u00a0 \u2013 Anthropolitan - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=7033329\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fascist Holiday Houses as \u2018Difficult Heritage\u2019\u00a0 \u2013 Anthropolitan - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"ByGaia Baldi\u00a0MSc Digital Anthropology The ruins of Colonia Varese\u00a0behind a\u00a0bathing\u00a0establishment, photo by author. I cannot remember the first time the abandoned behemoths\u00a0looming\u00a0on Romagna\u2019s beaches caught my attention. Their state of extreme disrepair both fascinates and unsettles me and many others, including urban\u00a0explorers1\u00a0interested in Romagna\u2019s ruins. 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