{"id":7033005,"date":"2026-08-08T03:10:13","date_gmt":"2026-08-08T03:10:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/uncategorized\/complex-ptsd-cptsd-explained-everything-you-need-to-know\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T03:10:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T03:10:13","slug":"complex-ptsd-cptsd-explained-everything-you-need-to-know","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=7033005","title":{"rendered":"Complex PTSD (cPTSD) Explained: Everything You Need to Know"},"content":{"rendered":"


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When it comes to trauma<\/a><\/span>, we all tend to think of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and why wouldn\u2019t we? But a lesser-known but equally valid form of trauma<\/a><\/span> is complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD). But what is this lesser-known form of trauma<\/a><\/span>, and how can we overcome it? Well, that\u2019s what this article is going to try to answer.<\/p>\n

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What Is cPTSD?<\/h2>\n
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Most of us are aware of PTSD, thanks to our exposure to the condition in the media, such as in war films or cop shows. So it\u2019s easy for us to think of trauma<\/a><\/span> as being the result of a specific and distinct experience, like in the wake of an accident, a natural disaster, or being attacked (Sheldon-Dean<\/a><\/span>, n.d.).<\/p>\n

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cPTSD, on the other hand, arises from prolonged, repetitive, or inescapable trauma<\/a><\/span>, such as interpersonal violence like childhood abuse (e.g. bullying<\/a><\/span>), domestic violence<\/a><\/span>, and torture. It is characterised by a constellation of symptoms that go beyond those of PTSD. Because of this subtle difference, cPTSD was proposed to capture this form of trauma<\/a><\/span> (Resick et al.<\/a><\/span>, 2012).<\/p>\n

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According to Nestgaard R\u00f8d and Schmidt<\/a><\/span> (2021), cPTSD is a severe mental health condition that was formally introduced as a distinct diagnosis to PTSD in the revised ICD-11<\/a><\/span> (the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases) to fill that void next to PTSD.<\/p>\n

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However, cPTSD isn\u2019t recognised in the DSM-5<\/a><\/span> (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition) as a separate mental health condition (Sheldon-Dean<\/a><\/span>, n.d.), creating ongoing diagnostic divergence between the two major classification systems and cultures. For example, the UK, the US, and a handful of countries use the DSM-5<\/a><\/span>. Whereas significantly more countries use the ICD-11<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

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There\u2019s even a link between cPTSD and borderline personality disorder (BPD<\/a><\/span>). According to Ford and Courtois<\/a><\/span> (2021), cPTSD was, in part, defined and proposed as an alternative diagnosis to BPD<\/a><\/span>. I\u2019ve often wondered over the years if I had cPTSD rather than BPD<\/a><\/span> because of this fact.<\/p>\n

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However, the understanding now is that they\u2019re distinct conditions that overlap a lot (Salandanan<\/a><\/span>, 2026). The key difference is that BPD<\/a><\/span> can come from a mixture of places, including genetics and unstable caregiving or emotional invalidation (Pastorious<\/a><\/span>, 2026) that doesn\u2019t reach the level of trauma<\/a><\/span>. In short, uncaring and distant parents.<\/p>\n

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Symptoms of cPTSD<\/h2>\n
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Emotional dysregulation<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Someone with cPTSD might find they have intense emotions that can be difficult to manage, leading to mood swings, anxiety<\/a><\/span>, depression<\/a><\/span>, or feelings of emptiness<\/a><\/span>. This can also lead to intense outbursts, numbness, or emotional detachment.<\/p>\n

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Interpersonal difficulties<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Another thing that someone with cPTSD can struggle with is forming and maintaining healthy relationships; they may develop trust issues, have difficulties with intimacy<\/a><\/span>, and have problems with attachment.<\/p>\n

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The difference between cPTSD and BPD<\/a><\/span> in this regard is that someone with cPTSD is likely to avoid relationships, whereas someone with BPD<\/a><\/span> will seek them out but fear losing them (Pastorious<\/a><\/span>, 2026).<\/p>\n

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Difficulty with emotional processing<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Those with cPTSD can experience difficulties in processing and integrating traumatic experiences, leading to intrusive thoughts<\/a><\/span>, nightmares, or flashbacks.<\/p>\n

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Negative self-perception<\/strong><\/h4>\n

cPTSD can also lead to feelings of shame<\/a><\/span>, guilt<\/a><\/span>, worthlessness, and a distorted self-image due to the prolonged trauma<\/a><\/span> experienced. Whereas someone with BPD<\/a><\/span> will have an unstable self-perception, rather than a straight negative one (Pastorious<\/a><\/span>, 2026).<\/p>\n

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Hypervigilance and avoidance<\/strong><\/h4>\n

With experiencing constant trauma<\/a><\/span>, we can develop constant alertness, hypervigilance, or avoidance behaviours as a coping mechanism<\/a><\/span> to prevent further trauma<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Dissociation<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Like with PTSD, people with cPTSD can experience detachment from reality or from their thoughts or emotions, often as a coping mechanism<\/a><\/span> to escape overwhelming feelings.<\/p>\n

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Somatic symptoms<\/strong><\/p>\n

For some with cPTSD, they can experience physical problems like chronic pain, fatigue, or digestive issues that may not have a clear medical explanation.<\/p>\n

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Causes Of cPTSD<\/h2>\n
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cPTSD is typically caused by prolonged, repeated trauma<\/a><\/span> that occurs during childhood, but it can also develop in adulthood as a result of domestic abuse<\/a><\/span> or bullying<\/a><\/span> in the workplace.<\/p>\n

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Chronic abuse<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Prolonged physical, sexual, or emotional abuse<\/a><\/span> in the home or school can lead to the development of cPTSD.<\/p>\n

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Neglect<\/strong><\/h4>\n

People failing to provide for our basic needs when we\u2019re a child, such as not knowing if we\u2019ll have something to eat, lack shelter, lack clothing, or experience a lack of emotional support.<\/p>\n

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Exposure to violence\/abuse<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Witnessing or experiencing violence in the home or community can also lead to cPTSD. This can include watching other people being bullied<\/a><\/span> at school, as it creates a sense of fear in a space that should be safe.<\/p>\n

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Living in a war zone<\/strong><\/h4>\n

People, especially children who grow up in war zones, are often exposed to extreme violence, displacement, loss, and a general sense of instability and impending doom.<\/p>\n

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Overcoming cPTSD<\/h2>\n
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Breathing and grounding exercises<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Breathing<\/a><\/span> and grounding<\/a><\/span> exercises can help us regulate our mood, as well as help us when it comes to having a flashback and bringing ourselves back to the present moment. Something as simple as a textured object we can hold can fulfil the role of grounding<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Triggers<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Getting to know our triggers can help us manage our cPTSD. For example, a specific location could be a trigger or a certain smell or date. When we know our triggers, we can formulate a plan to help manage them. However, for long-term recovery, avoidance should be avoided.<\/p>\n

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Avoidance<\/strong><\/h4>\n

It can be easy to isolate ourselves as a result of having cPTSD. We may not go that far, but we may avoid areas associated with our trauma<\/a><\/span>. The problem with the former is that isolation erodes our mental wellbeing further, and with the latter (both really), we\u2019re unintentionally reinforcing the trauma<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

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A way to overcome this is to try out exposure therapy<\/a><\/span>, which we can do ourselves in the form of little experiments. This makes for a good journaling<\/a><\/span> exercise. Create a fear hierarchy by thinking about the situations that can trigger the response we\u2019re trying to avoid. Then order them from least to most triggering.\u00a0<\/p>\n

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Working with the least triggering scenario, we can then develop little experiments to help us overcome our cPTSD. For example, if we experience a lot of discrimination and abuse<\/a><\/span> in a former workplace, we could set up experiments like walking onto the grounds of the workplace for one minute.<\/p>\n

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For a more detailed guide on how to use exposure therapy<\/a><\/span>, you can find my article archive on exposure therapy<\/a><\/span> by clicking here<\/a><\/span>, and my second edition exposure workbook by clicking here<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

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\"The<\/p>\n

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Thought challenges<\/h4>\n

It can be useful to use techniques like reframing<\/a><\/span>, cognitive reappraisal<\/a><\/span>, and putting our thoughts on trial<\/a><\/span> to help us tackle the unwanted intrusive thoughts<\/a><\/span> caused by our cPTSD. For example, using reframing<\/a><\/span>, we can look for a neutral or positive alternative to the thought.<\/p>\n

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Social support network<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Talk to the people in our social support network<\/a><\/span>, or expand our social support network<\/a><\/span> by looking for peer support groups to attend. We all benefit from having safe spaces<\/a><\/span> to open up.<\/p>\n

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Memories<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Our memories of our trauma<\/a><\/span> are often the most difficult part of having cPTSD. Unfortunately, the best way to tackle them is to stop avoiding these memories, as in extreme cases, this avoidance can lead to substance dependency<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Processing our memories and turning them from hot memories into cold memories is the gold standard for this. This could be done through journaling<\/a><\/span> about our memories, using my modified narrative exposure therapy (M-NET<\/a><\/span>), talking to others about our experiences, or attending therapy to talk about it.<\/p>\n

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Therapy<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Treatment for cPTSD typically involves psychotherapy that has a focus on trauma<\/a><\/span>, such as eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR<\/a><\/span>) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). These therapies aim to address trauma-related symptoms, improve coping mechanisms<\/a><\/span>, and help us rebuild a sense of safety and self-empowerment.<\/p>\n

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Self-compassion<\/strong><\/h4>\n

As always, remember to treat ourselves with compassion when navigating any issues with our mental wellbeing. Overcoming cPTSD isn\u2019t going to be an easy road, so being kind<\/a><\/span> to ourselves is an important part of our recovery journey if we don\u2019t want to give up.<\/p>\n

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Summary<\/h2>\n
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Although most people are aware of PTSD, cPTSD does a better job of explaining and supporting those who have experienced trauma<\/a><\/span> over a longer period of time. Whereas PTSD may happen after a single event, cPTSD is the result of prolonged exposure to trauma<\/a><\/span>. In a lot of cPTSD cases, think of it like the last straw that broke the camel\u2019s back.<\/p>\n

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cPTSD can have a profound impact on our lives, affecting our daily functioning, relationships, and overall wellbeing. It can lead to social isolation, occupational difficulties, and even self-harm<\/a><\/span> or suicidal thoughts<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Recovery from cPTSD is a gradual process, and it may take months or even years to see significant improvement. However, with the right treatment and support, most people with cPTSD can learn to manage their symptoms and live fulfilling lives.<\/p>\n

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After researching and writing this article, I think it\u2019s not an issue of whether I had cPTSD instead of BPD<\/a><\/span>, but that they were co-occurring. Because that better explains my issues. BPD<\/a><\/span> explains my attachment issues and my identity crisis<\/a><\/span> growing up, with the cause coming from neglect and lack of much-needed emotional support at home. I was emotionally unbalanced even at the age of four.<\/p>\n

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Whereas cPTSD explains the harm from bullying<\/a><\/span> and other abuse outside of the home, which eventually scarred my mind in my mid-teens.<\/p>\n

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As always, leave your feedback in the comments section below. Also, please share your experiences with cPTSD and trauma<\/a><\/span> in the comments section below as well. Don\u2019t forget, if you want to stay up-to-date with my blog, you can sign up for my newsletter below. Alternatively, click the red bell icon in the bottom right corner to get push notifications for new articles.<\/p>\n

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Lastly, if you\u2019d like to support my blog, please find the PayPal and Ko-fi donation payment options below. Until next time, Un<\/del>wanted Life readers.<\/p>\n

References<\/h2>\n
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Ford, J. D. & Courtois, C.A. (2021). Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulatio<\/em>n, 8:16. Retrieved from https:\/\/d-nb.info\/124089340X\/34<\/mark><\/a> and https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-021-00155-9<\/mark><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nestgaard R\u00f8d, \u00c5., & Schmidt, C. (2021). Complex PTSD: what is the clinical utility of the diagnosis?.\u00a0European Journal of Psychotraumatology<\/em>,\u00a012<\/em>(1), 2002028. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/20008198.2021.2002028<\/mark><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Pastorious, C. (2026, June 22). CPTSD vs BPD: What\u2019s the Difference?. Brightside<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.brightside.com\/blog\/cptsd-vs-bpd<\/mark><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Resick, P. A., Bovin, M. J., Calloway, A. L., Dick, A. M., King, M. W., Mitchell, K. S., Suvak, M. K., Wells, S. Y., Stirman, S. W., & Wolf, E. J. (2012). A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM\u20105. Journal of Traumatic Stress<\/em>,\u00a025<\/em>(3), 241-251. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.emdr-magazine.nl\/2013-1\/2013-1-w11.pdf<\/mark><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sheldon-Dean, H. (n.d.). What Is Complex Trauma?. Child Mind Institute<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/childmind.org\/article\/what-is-complex-trauma<\/mark><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Salandanan, K. (2026, June 3). How to recognize the overlap between complex trauma and BPD. Crisis & Trauma Resource Institute<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/ctrinstitute.com\/blog\/overlap-between-complex-trauma-and-bpd<\/mark><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When it comes to trauma, we all tend to think of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and why wouldn\u2019t we? But a lesser-known but equally valid form of trauma is complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD). But what is this lesser-known form of trauma, and how can we overcome it? Well, that\u2019s what this article is going […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7033006,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[99852,117918,98079,120213,96877,99547,97455,110641,104269,114852],"tags":[111932,5449,196345,11385,15382,19585,14368,114853],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-7033005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-advice","category-bpd","category-general","category-me","category-mental-health","category-research","category-therapy","category-trauma","category-treatment","category-what-is","tag-bpd","tag-complex","tag-cptsd","tag-explained","tag-ptsd","tag-trauma","tag-treatment","tag-what-is"],"yoast_head":"\nComplex PTSD (cPTSD) Explained: Everything You Need to Know - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=7033005\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Complex PTSD (cPTSD) Explained: Everything You Need to Know - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When it comes to trauma, we all tend to think of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and why wouldn\u2019t we? 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