{"id":7033003,"date":"2026-08-08T03:10:12","date_gmt":"2026-08-08T03:10:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/uncategorized\/%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%a7%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%8f%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%82-%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%ac\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T03:10:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T03:10:12","slug":"%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%a7%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%8f%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%82-%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=7033003","title":{"rendered":"\u09ac\u09a8-\u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0987\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09b8\u0982\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u2013 The Journal of Indian Law and Society"},"content":{"rendered":"


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By Ujal Kumar Mookherjee<\/strong><\/strong> & Sanjukta Bhattacharya<\/strong><\/p>\n
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(This blog is the sixth in the series of blogs that JILS will publish in various vernacular languages as part of its initiative to mark the International Mother Language Day.)<\/p>\n
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\u0987\u09a4\u09bf \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ed\u09e9 \u09a4\u09ae \u09b8\u0982\u09b6\u09cb\u09a7\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09bf\u0993 \u09aa\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf \u09b0\u09be\u099c \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09c1 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ef\u09ec \u098f\u09b0 \u09a4\u09ab\u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf \u098f\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 (Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas) \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b7\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09a1\u09bf\u0989\u09b2 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u098f\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa \u09b8\u09bf\u0982\u09b9 \u09ad\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7 \u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c0\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc, \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u099b\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u099b\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b2, \u099c\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099c\u09ae\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be[14]<\/a>\u0964<\/p>\n
\u09e8\u09e6\u09e6\u09e8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e7\u09eb\u09e6 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u098f\u0995 \u099b\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09b2\u09be\u09af\u09bc (Campaign for Survival and Dignity) \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09bf \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09bf \u099b\u09bf\u09b2, \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09be \u09ac\u09a8\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a6 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09a8\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09a4 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf[15]<\/a>\u0964 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e6\u09ea \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09a8 \u09a1\u09bf \u098f \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a4\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0\u00a0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e6\u09ec \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c0\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09a8 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0987\u09a8 (FRA), \u09ac\u09be Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act.<\/p>\n
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\u098f\u0995\u09b6\u09a4\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2 \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09af\u09bc\u09a8, \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u0987\u09a8 \u0998\u09cb\u09b0\u09a4\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a7\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u0997\u09a3\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09a6\u09aa\u09b8\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u00a0\u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09a3\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u00a0<\/p>\n
\n
Ujal Kumar Mookherjee <\/strong>is an Assistant Professor at the West Bengal National University of Juridical Science where he teaches Human Rights Law. He researches on Forest Laws and Adivasi Rights.<\/p>\n
Sanyukta Bhattacharya is a teacher. She holds a B.Ed qualification and an M.A. in Philosophy and has been passionately teaching primary, secondary and graduation level students for the past 20 plus years.<\/p>\n
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[1] Mann, M. (2001). Timber Trade on the Malabar Coast, c. 1780-1840, Environment and History<\/em>, 7(4),<\/em> 404<\/p>\n
[2]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n
[3]<\/a> Weil, B. (2006). Conservation, Exploitation, and Cultural Change in the Indian Forest Service, 1875-1927.\u00a0Environmental History<\/em>,\u00a011<\/em>(2), 319\u2013343<\/p>\n
[4]<\/a> History, Indian Forest Service, https:\/\/ifs.nic.in\/hist.aspx#:~:text=History%3A,General%20of%20Forests%20in%201866.<\/a><\/p>\n
[5]<\/a> Indian Forest Act, 1927<\/p>\n
[6]<\/a> Indian Forest Act, 1927<\/p>\n
[7]<\/a> Government of India, The National Forest Policy of India (1952)<\/p>\n
[8]<\/a> Sharma, J.V. & Kohli, P. (2010). Forest Governance and Implementation of REDD+ in India: A Policy Brief (Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs & The Energy and Resources Institute). https:\/\/landportal.org\/node\/61433<\/a> (last visited Jul 5, 2021)<\/p>\n
[9]<\/a> Government of India,\u00a0Report of the National Commission on Agriculture\u00a0(1976).<\/p>\n
[10]<\/a> Ministry of Environment & Forests, National Forest Policy Resolution (1988), Para 2.1 https:\/\/mpforest.gov.in\/img\/files\/Policy_NFP.pdf<\/a> (last visited Feb 17, 2025).<\/p>\n
[11]<\/a> Arora, D. (1994). From State Regulation to People\u2019s Participation: Case of Forest Management in India, 29 Economic and Political Weekly<\/em>, 691,<\/p>\n
[12]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n
[13]<\/a> Schug, D.M (2000). The Bureaucratisation of Forest Management in India, 6(2)<\/em> Environment and History,<\/em> 229\u201342.<\/p>\n
[14]<\/a> Report of the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission, Government of India (2004). https:\/\/tribal.nic.in\/downloads\/Statistics\/OtherReport\/BhuriaReportFinal.pdf<\/a> (last\u00a0 accessed Feb 10, 2025)<\/p>\n
[15]<\/a> Barnes, C., Van Laerhoven, F., & Driessen, P. P. J. (2016). Advocating for change? How a civil society-led coalition influences the implementation of the forest rights act in india.\u00a0World Development<\/em>,\u00a084<\/em>, 162\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2016.03.013<\/a><\/p>\n
[16]<\/a> Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act.<\/p>\n
[17]<\/a> M L, Samal AK and Sahu G, \u201815 Years of FRA: What Trends in Forest Rights Claims and Recognition Tell Us \u2013 The Wire Science\u2019 (22 December 2021). <\/a> accessed 1 February 2024<\/p>\n
[18]<\/a> Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India, Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No 1258 (2023) https:\/\/sansad.in\/getFile\/annex\/262\/AU1258.pdf?source=pqars<\/a> (last accessed Feb 16, 2025)<\/p>\n
[19]<\/a> https:\/\/sansad.in\/getFile\/annex\/262\/AU1258.pdf?source=pqars<\/a><\/p>\n
[20]<\/a> Lele,S., Sahu, G. (2025). Democratising Forest Governance Challenges Old and New, 60(2) Economic and Political Weekly, 41.<\/p>\n
[21]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n
[22]<\/a> Jha, S. (2023, Jan 4). MoEFCC Refuses to Put New Forest Conservation Rules on Hold, Says Do Not Dilute Forest Rights Act. Down to Earth. https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/news\/governance\/moefcc-refuses-to-put-new-forest-conservation-rules-on-hold-says-do-not-dilute-forest-rights-act-86932<\/a><\/p>\n
[23]<\/a> Press Trust of India (2023, Aug 7). Over 3 lakh hectares of forest lands diverted under Forest Conservation Act in last 15 years. Times of India. https:\/\/timesofi<\/a> ndia.indiatimes.com\/ india\/over-3-lakh-hectares-of-forest-land-diverted-under-forest-conservation-act-in15-years-govt\/articleshow\/102507083.cms.<\/p>\n
[24]<\/a> Menon, M. and Kohli, K. (2022, Dec 4). Compensatory Afforestation: Saving Trees or Greenwashing?. The Times of India. https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/blogs\/voices\/compensatory-afforestation-saving-trees-or-greenwashing\/<\/a><\/p>\n
[25]<\/a> Jha, S. (2022, Jan 27). Plantations, invasive species\u2026 what all India counts as \u2018forest\u2019. Down to Earth. https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/news\/forests\/plantations-invasive-species-what-all-india-counts-as-forest\u201381282n<\/a><\/p>\n
[26]<\/a> Phelps, J., Webb, E. L., & Agrawal, A. (2010). Does redd+ threaten to recentralize forest governance?\u00a0Science<\/em>,\u00a0328<\/em>(5976), 312\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1187774<\/a><\/p>\n
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