{"id":7025859,"date":"2026-08-03T23:20:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T23:20:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/uncategorized\/historical-origins-of-equal-voting-rights-in-us-and-india\/"},"modified":"2026-08-03T23:20:33","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T23:20:33","slug":"historical-origins-of-equal-voting-rights-in-us-and-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=7025859","title":{"rendered":"Historical origins of equal voting rights in US and India"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

\n
<\/a><\/div>\n

This month, we have witnessed two
\nclosely fought elections \u2013 first in the United States, and then in Bihar. Both these
\nelections saw significantly high voter turnouts, despite the difficulties
\nbrought about by the Covid-19 pandemic. In Bihar, women voter turnout was
\nhigher<\/a> than men \u2013 in 166 out of 243 constituencies. In the US, there was a record
\nvoter turnout<\/a> of 67% – which is the highest voting percentage in 120 years.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Such extensive democratic participation
\nis possible only because both US and India have universal adult suffrage \u2013
\nwhich allows all adults to vote, and grants equal voting rights to both men and
\nwomen. This parity in voting rights was not always present, and has been
\nachieved after vigorous activism and debate. In this post, we shall revisit the
\nhistorical origins of equal voting rights, in the US, and in India. <\/span><\/p>\n

Historical origins of equal voting
\nrights in the US <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

When the US Constitution was drafted in
\n1787, it did not envisage equal voting rights. The US Constitution legitimized
\nthe practice of slavery, where African-Americans (Blacks) were treated as the
\n\u2018property\u2019 of their owners. Along with all African-Americans, even White women
\nwere denied the right to vote. In 1865, President Abraham Lincoln pioneered the
\n13th<\/sup> Amendment to the US Constitution, which abolished the practice
\nof slavery. 5 years later, in 1870, Black men were granted the right to vote,
\nthrough the 15th<\/sup> Amendment. While the 15th<\/sup> Amendment
\npermitted all men to vote, it still did not grant voting rights to American
\nwomen. <\/span><\/p>\n

It took 50 further years of struggle
\nfor all American women to receive the right to vote \u2013 via the 19th<\/sup>
\nAmendment to the US Constitution, ratified in 1920. The 19th<\/sup>
\nAmendment was brought before the US Senate <\/span>for the first time<\/span><\/a> in October, 1918. The Amendment would
\nrequire a two-thirds majority to be passed i.e. 54 votes in its favor. Despite having
\nthe backing of then US President Woodrow Wilson, it failed to pass the Senate
\nby a small margin of 2 votes. <\/span><\/p>\n

The amendment was brought before the
\nSenate once again in June 1919. This time, the Amendment was passed by the
\nSenate with a vote of 56-25 (56 in favor and 25 in opposition). This was just 2
\nvotes more than the minimum number of votes required! Even after equal voting
\nrights were granted on paper, the Southern States of America (such as Alabama
\nand Texas) would continue to discriminate against Black men and women, and
\nwould devise additional criteria for voter eligibility, that would
\ndisenfranchise the Black community. <\/span><\/p>\n

This was done through methods such as
\narbitrary registration requirements, payment of poll taxes, and literacy tests.
\n\u2018Poll taxes\u2019 were a fee that eligible voters would have to pay, before being
\nallowed to cast their ballot. While this fee would be relatively small, it
\nwould still be unaffordable for a large segment of the Black community. <\/span><\/p>\n

Under the garb of conducting \u2018literacy
\ntests\u2019, electoral registration officials in Southern States would deliberately
\nask African-Americans to <\/span>recite the entire Constitution<\/span><\/a>, and explain complex provisions of
\nState laws. Even a small error on their part would give the electoral officer a
\nreason for refusing to add their name to the list of eligible voters. This was
\na travesty, where Blacks would have to recite the entire Constitution before
\nbeing \u2018eligible\u2019 to gain access to their constitutional rights. <\/span><\/p>\n

These practices prevailed during what
\nis known as the \u201cJim Crow era\u201d \u2013 where the Southern States of US enforced
\nracial segregation through their local laws. These local laws mandated separate
\npublic facilities for Blacks and Whites. This meant that there would be
\nseparate restaurants, schools, buses, housing apartments etc<\/i> for Blacks
\nand Whites. The facilities accessible to White Americans were undoubtedly
\nbetter. But, Blacks would not be able to access these public facilities, as they
\nwere exclusively reserved for Whites. <\/span><\/p>\n

The era of \u2018Jim Crow\u2019 laws continued until
\n1964. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed, which put an end to racial
\nsegregation of public facilities. Even after the end of the Jim Crow era, Southern
\nStates like Alabama continued to discriminate against the Black community, and
\nsuppressed their voting rights. <\/span><\/p>\n

In 1965, with the goal of ending suppression
\nof the Black vote, civil rights icon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. began a
\nmovement for a national voting rights law \u2013 that would put an end to voter
\nsuppression methods such as literacy tests. Dr. King led three 54-mile marches
\nin the State of Alabama. The first two marches were met with fierce resistance
\nfrom State troops, as well as White supremacist groups. This left Dr. King with
\nno choice but to retreat, as he feared large-scale violence.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dr. Martin Luther King leads a march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama – to demand the passage of the Voting Rights Act.<\/i>\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

But, his movement had the requisite
\nimpact, and President Lyndon Johnson announced that he would be introducing a
\nnew voting rights legislation in Congress, that would outlaw practices such as
\nliteracy tests. During his nationwide address, Lyndon Johnson remarked \u2013<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTheir
\ncause must be our cause too. Because it is not just Negros (i.e. Blacks), but
\nreally it is all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and
\ninjustice. And we shall overcome<\/b><\/i><\/span>\u201d. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dr. King followed this up with his
\nthird march across the State of Alabama, which further fortified his demands. Subsequently,
\nin August 1965, the US Congress passed the Voting Rights Act, which provided
\nfor federal oversight of voter registration, and also prohibited practices like
\nvoter literary tests. <\/span><\/p>\n

While the situation has improved
\nconsiderably after the enactment of the Voting Rights Act, certain States
\ncontinue to take advantage of America\u2019s decentralized election system, to
\ndevise new ways of suppressing the Black vote. This is done through stricter
\nVoter ID requirements, photographic identification procedures, and by placing
\ncurbs on voter registration drives. Hence, while the US has made significant
\nprogress to fructify equal voting rights, a lot more needs to be done to ensure
\nthat Blacks and minorities can vote without harassment. <\/span><\/p>\n

Historical origins of universal adult
\nsuffrage and equal voting rights in India <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Through Article 326 of our Constitution,
\nthe Indian Constituent Assembly guaranteed universal adult suffrage \u2013 which
\nmeant that everyone above the age of 21 was eligible to vote after the Indian
\nConstitution came into force. [In 1988, this voting age was reduced from 21
\nto 18<\/i>]. <\/span><\/p>\n

In the Constituent Assembly, some
\nmembers did express concerns with respect to whether universal adult suffrage should
\nbe granted immediately \u2013 as around 85% of the Indian population was illiterate.
\nThe members also debated on whether it would be better to gradually give voting
\nrights to different segments of the population. The Assembly ultimately agreed
\non granting universal adult franchise immediately upon the founding of the Republic
\n– as parliamentary democracy would be meaningless if segments of the population
\nlacked the right to elect their representatives. They also felt that illiteracy
\nshall be eventually tackled through steps taken by the Government. <\/span><\/p>\n

While the Constituent Assembly granted
\nus universal adult franchise right from the founding of the Republic, demands
\nwere also made to secure equal voting rights for men and women, during the
\nBritish Raj. During the British Raj, the right to vote in local and provincial
\nelections could be availed only by those who owned property, and satisfied other
\ncriteria relating to educational qualifications, place of residence etc<\/i>.
\nUntil 1921, women were not permitted to vote in these local and provincial
\nelections. This made social reformers like Annie Besant and Sarojini Naidu <\/span>push for equal voting rights<\/span><\/a> for women. <\/span><\/p>\n

In 1921, Madras became <\/span>the first Legislature<\/span><\/a> of British India to grant women the
\nright to vote. The Bombay Legislature followed soon thereafter. Among the
\nprincely States, the Kingdom of Travancore was the first to grant voting rights
\nto women. This voting right was not universal. Just like male voters, women
\ncould vote only after they fulfilled the qualification criteria laid down by
\nthe provinces – which were based on educational standards, place of residence,
\nownership of property etc. <\/span><\/p>\n

Along with social reformers and
\nactivists, an Indian bureaucrat of the British Empire also made a significant
\ncontribution to secure equal voting rights. This bureaucrat was V.P. Menon \u2013
\nwho later played a crucial role in integrating the princely States into the
\nIndian Union, along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V.P. Menon<\/b>\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In 1935, as an Under-Secretary in the
\nReforms Department of the British Raj, V.P. Menon was tasked with implementing
\nthe provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935. Under this law, elections
\nwere scheduled to be held in 1937 \u2013 in provincial legislatures such as Bombay,
\nMadras, and Bengal. V.P. Menon began work on constructing an electoral role,
\nand also made a recommendation that the name of every adult women should be put
\non the electoral roles.
\nWhile this recommendation was not accepted in its entirety, the 1937 provincial
\nlegislature elections had significantly enlarged the size of the electorate. <\/span><\/p>\n

Menon also got his superiors to approve
\na clause that allowed women whose marriages had been dissolved to retain their
\nnames on the electoral roles \u2013 deeming them eligible to vote.
\nWhile V.P. Menon\u2019s contribution in integrating princely States such as
\nHyderabad, Kashmir and Junagarh has been well-documented, his contribution in
\nexpanding the scope of the right to vote has largely been forgotten. <\/span><\/p>\n

While the Constituent Assembly granted
\nus universal adult suffrage, the seeds of equal voting rights were sown during
\nthe final years of the British Raj itself \u2013 due to contributions made in
\ndifferent capacities by V.P. Menon, Sarojini Naidu, Annie Besant etc<\/i>.
\nThese initial steps were taken forward by the Constituent Assembly, which
\nagreed to make a specific provision in Article 326 of the Constitution, that
\nwould secure non-discriminatory access to voting. <\/span><\/p>\n

The high percentage of women voter
\nturnout that we witnessed in Bihar is a salute to this vision of our founders. This
\nvision can now be taken forward, and sufficient steps must be taken to make the
\npolling booth even more accessible to the Indian voter \u2013 irrespective of caste,
\ngender and economic status.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This month, we have witnessed two closely fought elections \u2013 first in the United States, and then in Bihar. Both these elections saw significantly high voter turnouts, despite the difficulties brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic. In Bihar, women voter turnout was higher than men \u2013 in 166 out of 243 constituencies. In the US, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7025860,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[168605,189587,168606,148804,154655,174452],"tags":[27043,5801,8707,11616,13922,13353],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-7025859","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-colonial-history","category-constituent-assembly","category-constitutional-history","category-elections","category-us-constitution","category-voting-rights","tag-equal","tag-historical","tag-india","tag-origins","tag-rights","tag-voting"],"yoast_head":"\nHistorical origins of equal voting rights in US and India - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=7025859\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Historical origins of equal voting rights in US and India - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This month, we have witnessed two closely fought elections \u2013 first in the United States, and then in Bihar. Both these elections saw significantly high voter turnouts, despite the difficulties brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic. In Bihar, women voter turnout was higher than men \u2013 in 166 out of 243 constituencies. 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Both these elections saw significantly high voter turnouts, despite the difficulties brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic. In Bihar, women voter turnout was higher than men \u2013 in 166 out of 243 constituencies. 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