{"id":69974,"date":"2025-02-05T17:22:39","date_gmt":"2025-02-05T17:22:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/tribe-as-a-pre-political-and-pre-contractual-society-and-in-the-evolutionary-schema-morgan-and-maine\/"},"modified":"2025-02-05T17:22:39","modified_gmt":"2025-02-05T17:22:39","slug":"tribe-as-a-pre-political-and-pre-contractual-society-and-in-the-evolutionary-schema-morgan-and-maine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=69974","title":{"rendered":"Tribe as a Pre-political and pre-contractual society and in the evolutionary schema (Morgan and Maine)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"post-body-609484761987129841\" itemprop=\"description articleBody\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN-IN\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-IN\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Tribe as pre-political, pre-contractual society and in the evolutionary schema (Morgan and Maine)\" width=\"840\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8tyHMc3KCm8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-IN\">Class lecture on the concept bilingual, meant for my students<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span lang=\"EN-IN\"><br \/><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span lang=\"EN-IN\">Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN-IN\">Different words like French Tribu, English<br \/>\nTribe and Latin Tribus were used to designate social divisions among the Roman<br \/>\npopulation. Similarly the Greek word Phule also represented Indo-European<br \/>\nSocial Organisations. The word &#8220;tribe&#8221; has a long and ignoble history<br \/>\nand remains one of the most variably used terms within and outside of<br \/>\nanthropology (Helm 1968). Anthropologists often use it as a catch-all<br \/>\nsubstitute for &#8220;primitive,&#8221; avoiding the invidious comparison of<br \/>\n&#8220;nonstate.&#8221; But most who use the term analytically narrow it to mean<br \/>\nsome form of political unit, as distinct from &#8220;ethnie&#8221; or<br \/>\n&#8220;nation,&#8221; which suggest a cultural identity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN-IN\">The foundation structure of the tribe is<br \/>\nKinship. The smaller Kinship unites were known as Genos in Greek and Gens in<br \/>\nLatin. Scottish people used to call them Clan. One can only be a member of a<br \/>\nclan if s\/he is connected through kinship relationships. A person is a member<br \/>\nof a tribe by birth. Each of these clans had a separate name and a tribe<br \/>\nconstituted a number of clans. Since, tribal system is pre-state condition,<br \/>\nthere is no centralised administration among the tribal societies. The social<br \/>\norder is maintained by the kinship organisations. Kin rules framed primarily on<br \/>\nthe basis of systems of affinity and consanguinity were used to determine the<br \/>\nright over a geographical location or selection of the headman. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-IN\">The idea of<br \/>\ntribe as a pre-political and pre-contractual society is rooted in the<br \/>\nevolutionary schema of which dominated anthropology during the 19<sup>th<\/sup><br \/>\ncentury. The evolutionism of 19<sup>th<\/sup> century saw human beings as making<br \/>\nuniform \u2018progress\u2019 and evidences such as the continuation of \u2018primitive\u2019 traits<br \/>\nlike pottery is example of cultural survivals (Tylor 1871). At the same time,<br \/>\nthe society was moving through a variety of stages like Savagery, Barbarism and<br \/>\nultimately the civilisation (Morgan 1877). Tribal people around the world have<br \/>\nthen provided the empirical evidences to support the theory of social<br \/>\nevolution. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-IN\">It was L.H.<br \/>\nMorgan\u2019s <i>Ancient Society <\/i>(1861) and <i>Systems of Consanguinity and<br \/>\nAffinity of the Human Family <\/i>(1871) that made investigation on Tribal<br \/>\nsociety a systematic enterprise. Morgan emphasised that even though there is a<br \/>\ngeneral absence of state system, yet, tribes are quite organised and<br \/>\ndisciplined society. He noted that there is a general absence of hierarchical<br \/>\ndivision between Clans and Lineages. In \u201cAncient Society\u201d (1877) Morgan defines<br \/>\ntribe as a completely organised society where all forms of social relation are<br \/>\ndominated by kinship. For Morgan, tribal society is organised in such a way<br \/>\nthat their form of social organisation is capable of reproducing itself. A<br \/>\ntribe, according to him, is a collection of a number of clans who have distinct<br \/>\nnomenclature, separate language, distinct political organisation and a<br \/>\nterritory under their own possession. It is important to note that Morgan&#8217;s<br \/>\nconception of the tribe and Durkheim&#8217;s conception of the polysegmental society were<br \/>\nboth rooted in the same evolutionary perspective. Their successors chose their<br \/>\nexamples not from India, China and the Islamic world, but from Australia, the<br \/>\nPacific Islands and North America where recent historical experience brought out<br \/>\nthe disjunction rather than the co-existence of tribe and civilization.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-IN\">Along the similar<br \/>\nline of generalised and universal idea of social evolution Sir Henry James<br \/>\nMaine has given a theoretical idea of the emergence of human civilisation. His<br \/>\ntheory that political organization had originally been based on blood (kinship)<br \/>\nand later moved to territory, which is part of that famous transition from<br \/>\nsocieties based on status to ones based on contract that he developed in<br \/>\nAncient law (1861), has provided a solid foundation for much work in political<br \/>\nanthropology. His work on the difference between early communities and modern<br \/>\nassociations strongly influenced the contemporary work of T\u00f6nnies and Durkheim and<br \/>\nlater that of Redfield. His analysis of corporate institutions helped lay the<br \/>\nfoundation of modern studies of kinship as developed by Fortes and Evans-Pritchard.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>Maine showed the complexity of the<br \/>\n&#8220;bundle of powers&#8221; in property and the way in which these had been<br \/>\ngradually separated into the institution of private, individual property. He<br \/>\noutlined the importance of the development of notions of primogeniture and<br \/>\nimpartibility and the central device of wills. Supplemented by the work of F.<br \/>\nW. Maitland, his characterization of the nature of property rights within<br \/>\nfeudalism is still valuable because he saw very clearly the mixing of political<br \/>\nand economic power and the different layers of tenure in the feudal<br \/>\nperiod.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>His most famous work is on the<br \/>\ndevelopment of the &#8220;individual&#8221; from the &#8220;group,&#8221; that<br \/>\nmovement whereby status (family) is replaced by contract as the basis of modern<br \/>\nnation-states. Although many other great Victorians, including Spencer and<br \/>\nMarx, were developing parallel ideas, his insight is unique. There is much<br \/>\ndebate concerning his methodological importance and some criticism of his<br \/>\naccuracy. Some believe that he introduced a new comparative and historical<br \/>\napproach that laid the basis for the disciplines of anthropology and<br \/>\ncomparative jurisprudence. Others argue that his work was distorted by an<br \/>\nevolutionary bias. In fact part of the tension in his writing results from the<br \/>\nfact that he straddled the paradigm shift to evolutionism. He believed that<br \/>\nstability was the norm and that the evolution of certain<br \/>\n&#8220;progressive&#8221; societies was the exception. He was much more cautions<br \/>\nin his generalizations than most of his critics realize. As Pollock wrote of<br \/>\nhim in the year of his death, &#8220;Maine can no more become obsolete through<br \/>\nthe industry and ingenuity of modern scholars than Montesquieu could be made<br \/>\nobsolete by the legislation of Napoleon,&#8221; for &#8220;At one master-stroke<br \/>\nhe forged a new and lasting bond between history and anthropology&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-IN\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0<\/span>There are several major aspects of the classical<br \/>\napproach that sees tribe as pre-political and pre-contractual society. These<br \/>\nare as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-IN\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">1.<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-IN\">The general presence of the<br \/>\nspirit of 19<sup>th<\/sup> century unilineal evolutionism as a theoretical<br \/>\nbackground<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-IN\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">2.<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-IN\">For Morgan society\u2019s progress<br \/>\nthrough three stages is important and tribal people from various corners of the<br \/>\nworld exemplify such progress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-IN\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">3.<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-IN\">For Maine, society has<br \/>\nprogressed from status to contract with law<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoListParagraphCxSpLast\" style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang=\"EN-IN\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">4.<span style=\"font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><span lang=\"EN-IN\">There is a rough parallel to<br \/>\nthe Durkheimian idea of progress from mechanical to organic solidarity. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-IN\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 Class lecture on the concept bilingual, meant for my students Introduction Different words like French Tribu, English Tribe and Latin Tribus were used to designate social divisions among the Roman population. Similarly the Greek word Phule also represented Indo-European Social Organisations. The word &#8220;tribe&#8221; has a long and ignoble history and remains one [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":69975,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[32572,34878,4527,36864,36863,33422,3924,18558],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-69974","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-evolutionary","tag-maine","tag-morgan","tag-precontractual","tag-prepolitical","tag-schema","tag-society","tag-tribe"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Tribe as a Pre-political and pre-contractual society and in the evolutionary schema (Morgan and Maine) - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=69974\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tribe as a Pre-political and pre-contractual society and in the evolutionary schema (Morgan and Maine) - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0 \u00a0 Class lecture on the concept bilingual, meant for my students Introduction Different words like French Tribu, English Tribe and Latin Tribus were used to designate social divisions among the Roman population. 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Similarly the Greek word Phule also represented Indo-European Social Organisations. 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