\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n
<\/span><\/p>\n
Different words
\nlike French Tribu, English Tribe and Latin Tribus were used to designate social
\ndivisions among the Roman population. Similarly the Greek word Phule also
\nrepresented Indo-European Social Organisations. The word “tribe” has
\na long and ignoble history and remains one of the most variably used terms
\nwithin and outside of anthropology (Helm 1968). Anthropologists often use it as
\na catch-all substitute for “primitive,” avoiding the invidious
\ncomparison of “nonstate.” But most who use the term analytically
\nnarrow it to mean some form of political unit, as distinct from
\n“ethnie” or “nation,” which suggest a cultural identity.<\/span><\/p>\nThe foundation
\nstructure of the tribe is Kinship. The smaller Kinship unites were known as
\nGenos in Greek and Gens in Latin. Scottish people used to call them Clan. One
\ncan only be a member of a clan if s\/he is connected through kinship
\nrelationships. A person is a member of a tribe by birth. Each of these clans
\nhad a separate name and a tribe constituted a number of clans. Since, tribal system
\nis pre-state condition, there is no centralised administration among the tribal
\nsocieties. The social order is maintained by the kinship organisations. Kin
\nrules framed primarily on the basis of systems of affinity and consanguinity were
\nused to determine the right over a geographical location or selection of the
\nheadman. <\/span><\/p>\nTribe in the
\nevolutionary scheme of social type<\/span><\/b><\/p>\nAbout a century
\nlater than what was written by Morgan, Marhshal Sahalins and Elman Service have
\ntried to classify pre-industrial societies. Service (1962) followed a long
\ntradition in positing tribe as a stage in political evolution falling between
\nmore independent BANDS and more centralized and hierarchical CHIEFDOMS. Sahlins
\n(1968b) also saw tribes as evolutionary predecessors of states but was more
\nconcerned with mechanisms of integration than boundaries. Here tribes were seen
\nas unified and bounded by kinship or other ties and constituted the broadest
\nlevel of cooperation in a segmented hierarchy of functions. <\/span><\/p>\nThey have
\nclassified societies according to the relative socio-political complexity into
\nfour major categories. These are a) Band, b) tribe, c) chiefdom, and d) state. <\/span><\/p>\nBand <\/span><\/b>is the simplest form of social organisation. Its simple amalgamation
\nof a number of families. The population of a band is quite small, usually range
\nbetween 10 to 50. The concept of a single leader or headman is absent. The leadership
\nis rather situational and it is never transmitted from one generation to the
\nnext. A band collects food from a designated locale. Since, band societies are
\nalways foragers, they are most often than not seen as roaming from one to place
\nto another to collect their resources. Because of such movement, there is a
\ngeneral lack of the concept of private property system among the bands. Every
\nmember of a band has the equal usufructuary rights over every resources of the
\nregion where they inhabit. The kinship ties are usually patriarchal, but there
\nis a relative prevalence of gender equality. In India we have Onge, Jaroa,
\nCholanakan, Birhar as bands. Africa has !Kung (bushmen), Mubti Pygmy. The
\npatriarchal nature of band suggests that the contention that early men had
\nmatriarchy may not be true. <\/span><\/p>\nTribe <\/span><\/b>is relatively more complex. Tribe system is also pre-state and
\npre-inustrial entity. Tribes have team-leaders of headmen but they do not have
\ninstitutional mechanism to maintain power relations within the society. Their
\neconomy is based on animal husbandry or farming. The primary difference between
\nband and tribe lie in the existence of social segments. The presence of social
\nsegments and their integration is what characterises a tribe. It should be
\nremembered that state system has developed about 4000 years ago, but human
\nsociety survived without them for thousands of years. Even today, there are
\ntribal and band societies which is surviving alongside the state. Therefore, it
\nis important to understand what inner system has enabled these people to keep
\ntheir social system intact for so many years. E.E. Evans-Pritchard has tried to
\nexplain this puzzle by his study of Nuer in Sudan, Africa. Prichard shows that
\nNuer are divided into different lineages. These lineages do not have hierarchy
\nin terms of economy, politics, ideology or economy. They do not have much of
\ninterdependence, yet, together they form the tribe Nuer. Using classical
\nParticipant Observation method, following Malinowskian method Evans-Pritchard
\nargued that there are conflicts between these lineages but then by some
\nunwritten agreement and rules the conflicts are resolved. Sahalins in 1960s
\nhave argued that Nuers could beat Dinkas because of their effective lineage
\nsystems. <\/span><\/p>\nIn india the
\nNagas, in Africa the Zulus and Asantis represents typical tribal system. <\/span><\/p>\nChiefdom
\nsystem <\/span><\/b>is formed if one of the lineages among a
\ntribe claims supremacy. For a variety of reasons ranging from natural to
\ntechnological, it is seen that often among many lineages one becomes more
\npowerful. They can achieve it by acquiring a relatively higher social prestige and
\nposition or by winning a war with others. In this way a new family system can
\nbe developed. After a few generations this family\/lineage can become the king\u2019s
\nfamily. This is a system of state formation which is evidenced in Peru the Inca
\nfamily. This has been studied by Robert Leonard Carneiro. Similarly Romila
\nThapar has studied the formation of state in Ganga-Yamuna valley and argued
\nalong this line. \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nBy contrast,
\nFried (1967, 1975) disputed the evolutionary existence of such bounded groups,
\narguing instead that tribes arose from interactions with existing states.
\nDespite their differences, all three agreed that boundedness of tribes was a
\nresult of external conflict, or WAR.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n
<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00a0 \u00a0 Different words like French Tribu, English Tribe and Latin Tribus were used to designate social divisions among the Roman population. Similarly the Greek word Phule also represented Indo-European Social Organisations. The word “tribe” has a long and ignoble history and remains one of the most variably used terms within and outside of anthropology […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[32572,15674,10974,18558,3022],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-68555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-evolutionary","tag-scheme","tag-social","tag-tribe","tag-type"],"yoast_head":"\n
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