{"id":63734,"date":"2025-02-02T06:16:47","date_gmt":"2025-02-02T06:16:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/late-archaic-and-the-panhandle-archaic-complex-in-southwestern-pennsylvania-veigh-collection-update\/"},"modified":"2025-02-02T06:16:47","modified_gmt":"2025-02-02T06:16:47","slug":"late-archaic-and-the-panhandle-archaic-complex-in-southwestern-pennsylvania-veigh-collection-update","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=63734","title":{"rendered":"Late Archaic and the Panhandle Archaic complex in southwestern Pennsylvania, Veigh Collection Update"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

\n

This week in Pennsylvania
\nArchaeology (TWIPA) continues with updates from the Fred Veigh<\/a> donation. Veigh\u2019s
\nrecently cataloged site, Beck\u2019s Hilltop (36WH0647) from Washington County will
\naid us in examining a southern regional cultural phenomenon in the Upper Ohio
\nValley. Referred to as the Panhandle Archaic complex (Mayer-Oakes 1955), it
\nroughly dates to 3000-5000 years ago during the Mid-Holocene. It spans the tail
\nend of the Atlantic climatic episode characterized by a warm moist environment
\nwith relatively stable meandering river conditions by 6000 BP (Vento et al.
\n2020). Late Archaic hunter-gatherer groups were well adapted to the temperate
\nforest conditions throughout Pennsylvania by these times. Social adaptations to
\nhigher population levels and predictable food sources are reflected in the
\narchaeological record by greater regionalization of projectile point types and
\ndiversity of tools used to exploit riverine and upland resources, frequent site
\nre-use, and range of site size and function. In other words, larger extended
\nfamily groups and potentially inter-family groups (bands) began gathering in
\npredictable seasonal patterns, primarily in river valleys to use seasonally
\navailable resources more intensively. Examples include spawning fish in the
\nspring and freshwater mollusks at low river levels and ripening wild fruit, grains,
\nand nuts in the late summer\/fall. Panhandle Archaic people returned to smaller
\nfamily groups, microbands, in the winter and times of leaner resource
\navailability.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Adapted From: (Vento et al. 2020:
\nFigure 1.1 (20)).<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

There was a climatic shift around
\n4300 yrs ago, called the Sub-Boreal. A warm dry climate that led to higher
\ninstances of drought punctuated by severe storms and floods. In the eastern regions
\nof Pennsylvania, archaeologists refer to this time as the Transitional Period (2700-4300
\nyrs ago), defined by the presence of broadspear projectile points and steatite
\nbowl fragments. This corresponds with an overall intensification of Late
\nArchaic hunter-gatherer lifeways expressed as larger semi-permanent to near-permanent
\nbase camps in riverine settings from the spring through fall, then into family hunting
\ngroups in the winter. While some traditionally diagnostic Transitional sites were
\npresent in western, Pennsylvania, they are rare comparatively speaking. (Vento
\net al. 2020; Cowin and Neusius 2020; Carr and Moeller 2015; Carr et al. 2020)<\/p>\n

The Panhandle Archaic complex was
\noriginally defined by archaeologist William J. Mayer-Oakes in the 1950s based
\non artifacts recovered from non-systematic vocational excavations at East Steubenville
\n(46BR31), and other investigations at shell midden sites\u2014Globe Hill (46HK34-1),
\nNew Cumberland (46HK1), and Half Moon (46BK29)\u2014on the Ohio River in northern
\nWest Virginia. At these sites, the basic pH level of calcium carbonate in large
\ndeposits of mussel shell waste neutralized acidic soils, preserving bone
\nartifacts and dietary remains generally lost in the archaeological record.
\nMayer-Oakes characterized the Panhandle Archaic complex by a series of
\ndiagnostic artifacts including Steubenville lanceolate and stemmed projectile
\npoints, three-quarter grooved round poll and pointed-poll adzes, crescent-shaped
\nbannerstones, and stemmed bone points. Other artifacts associated with the
\ncomplex, but noted as not necessarily diagnostic, were Brewerton-like side-notched
\nprojectile points, straight and expanded-base drills, plain adzes, and bone and
\nantler tools (Mayer-Oakes, 1955).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

A- Antler drifts, B- Bone notched,
\njoint end and splinter awls, C- Bone perforated awl, D- Bone perforated stemmed
\npoint or harpoon, E- Cut, polished and perforated bear jaw, F- Bird bone bead,
\nG- Steubenville stemmed and lanceolate projectile points, H- Side-notched
\nprojectile point, I- Steubenville lanceolate knife, J- Straight and expanded
\nbase drills, K- Bi-pitted hammerstone, L- Notched pebble net sinker, M- Pointed-poll
\nadze, N- Core chopper, O- crescent bannerstone. Adapted From: (Carr and Moeller
\n2015: (101))<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the subsequent seventy years
\nof the Upper Ohio Valley, greater regional surface surveys in southwestern
\nPennsylvania, northern West Virginia, and eastern Ohio have documented
\nSteubenville points and knives from a variety of topographical settings that were
\nnot always associated with shell middens. These include upland sites and floodplain
\nbottomlands, as well as the high riverine terraces generally associated with the
\nfirst identified shell midden sites (Lothrop 2007; Cowin and Neusius 2020; Tippins
\n2020). These settlement patterns paint a broader picture of territorial range, group
\nmobility, and provides some insight into subsistence and other targeted
\nresource activities, like repeat visits to known stone quarry sources for Ten
\nMile, Uniontown, Loyalhanna, and Monongahela chert in southwestern Pennsylvania
\n(Carr et al 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Map of the Lithic Quarries Reported
\nin Pennsylvania and Major Quarries in Adjacent States. From (Carr et al. 2020:
\nFigure 1.3 (6))<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

However, large scale data
\nrecovery projects conducted in the last thirty years have deepened our
\nunderstanding of Late Archaic and Transitional lifeways in the Upper Ohio River
\nBasin. Absolute dates obtained from undisturbed contexts, data regarding diet,
\nsubsistence, technology, seasonal mobility patterns, and potential insights
\ninto intra and inter-cultural interactions through trade and exchange of
\nresources and flow of ideas as expressed in material culture are some of the
\nresults of these investigations. This data still constitutes only a handful of Panhandle
\nArchaic complex sites, the majority of which are multi-component and\/or unstratified.
\nThere is still much research needed to better understand the Late Archaic
\nlifeways of this region. (Carr et al. 2020; Cowin and Neusius 2020; Lothrop
\n2007).<\/p>\n

Considering the distribution of
\nSteubenville projectile points and knives in isolation, the map below depicts
\nthe range of Panhandle Archaic influence in western Pennsylvania, with the
\nhighest concentration of sites on the Ohio, Allegheny and Monongahela drainage systems
\nin Beaver, Allegheny, Greene, and Washington Counties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Distinctive Projectile Points Define the
\nPiedmont, Laurentian, and Panhandle Archaic Traditions. From: Carr and Moeller
\n2015: (91)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Many archaeologists still
\nclassify the Panhandle Archaic complex as a terminal Late Archaic cultural
\ndevelopment, influenced by the Green River Archaic complex of the Middle Ohio
\nValley, west-central Kentucky. Others interpret Steubenville\/Panhandle Archaic complex
\nsites dating between 3000-4300 years ago as a local and culturally distinct expression
\nof early Transitional Period riverine adaptations in the Upper Ohio Valley (Cowin
\nand Neusius 2020). \u00a0In some ways both ideas
\nare true. Steubenville sites are often chronologically contemporaneous with
\ntraditionally defined early Transitional sites found in other regions of Pennsylvania,
\nas well as showing some material culture similarities with the Green River complex
\nshell midden sites in Kentucky. Yet the Panhandle Archaic Complex remains a
\ndistinctly local development of the southern Upper Ohio Valley.<\/p>\n

Final analysis of the GAI Consultants data
\nrecovery at the East Steubenville and adjacent Highland Hills site (46BR60)
\ncontained overlapping Brewerton (5680-5210 BP) and Steubenville (4150-3725 BP)
\ncomponents. Lothrop (2007) characterized East Steubenville, as a recurrent
\nvisited habitation site where small family or extended family groups visited in
\nthe spring and late summer through fall to fish, hunt deer, process shellfish
\nand forage for wild fruits, grains, and nuts as part of both the Brewerton and
\nSteubenville associated seasonal round. Interestingly, overrepresentation of certain
\nfaunal remains, such as fish head and tail as well as the cranial and foot
\nelements of deer compared to other parts, is evidence\u00a0<\/span>of kill site processing for consumption
\nelsewhere. This speaks to the nature of procuring game for later use and strategic
\nplanning for group mobility. Highland Hills, lacking evidence of shell
\nprocessing was defined as a short-term task-focused smaller group occupation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lothrop (2004; 2007) contrasts the
\nless sedentary nature of these sites from the near-permanent shell midden occupations
\nin the Green River Archaic complex (Marquardt and Watson 1983).\u00a0 While the data is still limited and should
\nnot be determined by the East Steubenville site alone, Panhandle Archaic regional
\nsettlement patterns more closely resemble a smaller scale and more mobile Late
\nArchaic lifeway, as it is currently understood throughout much of the Upper
\nOhio Valley. This is a difference from either the Green River Archaic complex to
\nthe west or contemporaneous broadspear Transitional traditions in Pennsylvania.\n<\/p>\n

Beck\u2019s Hilltop is a multi-component upland site surface collected by
\nFred Veigh in the 1970s and \u201880s. Located a hard day or more hike southeast of
\nEast Steubenville near Wylandville, Pennsylvania, it overlooks Little Chartiers
\nCreek in the Chartiers watershed between the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers. Late Archaic
\nand Panhandle Archaic complex diagnostic artifacts present in the donation, but
\nnot previously described in the Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey (PASS)
\nrecord include: four Late Archaic Brewerton-like notched projectile point and
\nknife varieties, and seven lanceolate and stemmed, Steubenville projectile
\npoints and knives (3000-4300 yrs ago).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brewerton-like notched point varieties. Onondaga,
\nFlint Ridge, and Gull River chert.<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Steubenville projectile points and knives. Mixed
\nquarry and glacial cobble lithic sources.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Lithic materials range from local sourced Uniontown, Ten Mile, and
\nLoyalhanna chert; and black and mottled gray secondary glacial cobble chert.
\nDates are based on recently radio-carbon dated archaeological contexts in the
\nregion (Carr et al. 2020; Cowin and Neusius, 2020). Additional stemmed and
\npartial hafted bifaces, and refined biface bases are likely associated with
\nSteubenville related site activities, however, specific attributes are too
\nambiguous to definitively type without further site context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Late-stage biface fragments made from Ten Mile
\nchert, in various stages of patination or thermal alteration.<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

There
\nare other artifact types that may also correlate with the Brewerton-like and\/or
\nSteubenville components at Beck\u2019s Hill based on analogous lithic source and
\ntool manufacture techniques recovered from excavations at East Steubenville
\n(Lothrop 2004; 2007). These include ground stone tool fragments and spalls used
\nfor woodworking, and dedicated biface chipped stone tools used for animal hide
\nprocessing and other tasks made from secondary sourced igneous, metamorphic,
\nand sedimentary glacial cobbles. The definition of a dedicated biface is a tool
\nmade for an express purpose. The examples pictured below are a drill and
\nscraper. More frequently, hafted bifacial tools were made by recycling or
\nretooling projectile points, representing a secondary, rather than a primary
\nuse-life of a tool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Diorite tool bit, metabasalt spall and medial
\nground stone fragment<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Onondaga chert drill fragment, Onondaga chert square-bit
\nbifacial scraper- possible retooled stemmed point, Gull River chert square-bit
\nbifacial scraper<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

It is likely that by the end of the Late Archaic and start of the early
\nTransitional Period, Beck\u2019s Hilltop served as a temporary residential site for
\nsmall family groups as part of a structured Panhandle Archaic complex seasonal cycle.
\nCarr et al. (2015) postulates that upland sites, like Beck\u2019s Hilltop, with a
\ndiverse array of artifacts, served as winter encampments, or as small base
\ncamps for specialized resource exploitation at other times of the year. \u00a0It may be suggested that these small
\nkin-groups also joined with others at larger base camps along the Ohio river in
\nthe northern panhandle of West Virginia, Beaver and Allegheny County in
\nPennsylvania in the spring, late summer and fall to exploit different subsistence
\nresources at peak availability.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Examining these archaeological resources contributes to our
\nunderstanding of the daily activities and settlement patterns of the Indigenous
\npeoples who lived here prior to the arrival of Europeans.\u00a0 Colonists adopted many of these procurement
\nstrategies from the Tribes who had refined these seasonal sustainability processes
\nover time. Many of these hunting, gathering and fishing processes continue to
\nbe employed today. \u00a0We hope you enjoyed
\nthis summary of the Panhandle Archaic complex and recent documented artifacts
\nfrom the Fred Veigh Collection. We invite you back to explore more topics in
\nPennsylvania archaeology and invite you to view the on-line collections<\/a> of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. <\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

References and Further Reading<\/b><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Carr, Kurt W.,
\net al. (Editors)<\/p>\n

2020\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Introduction and The Late Archaic Period.
\nIn: The Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania, Vol 1: Introduction
\nand Part 2 Introduction. <\/i>Eds. Christopher Berman, Christina B. Rieth,
\nBernard K. Means, and Roger W. Moeller. Assoc. Ed. Elizabeth Wagner. University
\nof Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Carr, Kurt W.
\nand Roger W. Moeller<\/p>\n

2015\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Archaic Period and The Transitional
\nPeriod. In: First Pennsylvanians: The Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania,
\nChapter 4-5<\/i>. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. <\/i>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Cowin, Verna L.
\nand Sarah W. Neusius<\/p>\n

2020\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Late Archaic Period in the Upper Ohio
\nDrainage Basin. In: The Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania, Vol
\n1: Ch 4. <\/i>Eds. Carr et al. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. <\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Lothrop,
\nJonathan C.<\/p>\n

2007\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Panhandle Archaic Americans in the
\nUpper Ohio Valley: Archaeological Data Recovery at the East Steubenville (46BR31)
\nand Highland Hills (46BR60) Sites WV Route 2 Follansbee-Werton Road Upgrade
\nProject Brooke County, West Virginia. <\/i>State Project No. U250-2-13, Federal
\nProject NH-002 (300). Submitted to West Virginia Department of Transportation,
\ndivision of Highways by GAI Consultants, Inc.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

2004\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Panhandle Archaic Americans at East
\nSteubenville: Chronology, Settlement, and Regional Comparisons. Poster
\npresentation in the symposium \u201cNew Light on Panhandle Archaic Americans in the
\nUpper Ohio Valley: A View from the East Steubenville Site, Northern West
\nVirginia,\u201d presented at the Society for American Archaeology Meetings, April 2,
\n2004, Montr\u00e9al, Canada.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Marquardt,
\nWilliam H. and Patty Jo Watson<\/span><\/p>\n

1983 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Shell Mound Archaic
\nof Western Kentucky. In <\/span>Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

the American Midwest, <\/span><\/i>edited by J.L. Phillips and J.A. Brown, pp. 323-337. Academic<\/span><\/p>\n

Press, New York.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Mayer-Oakes,
\nWilliam J.<\/p>\n

1955 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley: An
\nIntroductory Archaeological Study. Anthropological Series No. 2, Vol. 34.
\nAnnals of Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, PA. <\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Tippins, William H.<\/p>\n

2020\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ohio\u2019s
\nLanceolate Maker\u2019s \u2013 Part I: Debunking the Late Paleo Lanceolate Myth and
\nAwakening the Late Archaic Reality. Archaeology of Eastern North America.
\nVol. 48:157-191.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

.\n<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This week in Pennsylvania Archaeology (TWIPA) continues with updates from the Fred Veigh donation. Veigh\u2019s recently cataloged site, Beck\u2019s Hilltop (36WH0647) from Washington County will aid us in examining a southern regional cultural phenomenon in the Upper Ohio Valley. Referred to as the Panhandle Archaic complex (Mayer-Oakes 1955), it roughly dates to 3000-5000 years ago […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":63735,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[34762,2224,5449,13874,34763,20872,34764,4238,34765],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-63734","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-archaic","tag-collection","tag-complex","tag-late","tag-panhandle","tag-pennsylvania","tag-southwestern","tag-update","tag-veigh"],"yoast_head":"\nLate Archaic and the Panhandle Archaic complex in southwestern Pennsylvania, Veigh Collection Update - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=63734\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Late Archaic and the Panhandle Archaic complex in southwestern Pennsylvania, Veigh Collection Update - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This week in Pennsylvania Archaeology (TWIPA) continues with updates from the Fred Veigh donation. Veigh\u2019s recently cataloged site, Beck\u2019s Hilltop (36WH0647) from Washington County will aid us in examining a southern regional cultural phenomenon in the Upper Ohio Valley. Referred to as the Panhandle Archaic complex (Mayer-Oakes 1955), it roughly dates to 3000-5000 years ago […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=63734\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-02-02T06:16:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Picture1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"434\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"387\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=63734#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=63734\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#\/schema\/person\/b85e3c3dc0e1daea076524dc8810c371\"},\"headline\":\"Late Archaic and the Panhandle Archaic complex in southwestern Pennsylvania, Veigh Collection Update\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-02-02T06:16:47+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=63734\"},\"wordCount\":2149,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=63734#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Picture1.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Archaic\",\"Collection\",\"Complex\",\"Late\",\"Panhandle\",\"Pennsylvania\",\"southwestern\",\"Update\",\"Veigh\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Anthropology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=63734#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=63734\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=63734\",\"name\":\"Late Archaic and the Panhandle Archaic complex in southwestern Pennsylvania, Veigh Collection Update - 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