{"id":36459,"date":"2025-01-19T11:51:41","date_gmt":"2025-01-19T11:51:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/a-chipped-stone-tool-of-many-uses\/"},"modified":"2025-01-19T11:51:41","modified_gmt":"2025-01-19T11:51:41","slug":"a-chipped-stone-tool-of-many-uses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459","title":{"rendered":"A Chipped Stone Tool of Many Uses"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n

This
\nweek in Pennsylvania archaeology (TWIPA) has defined many different types of
\nstone tools found on Pre-Contact archaeological sites over the years. Tool-types
\nlike spearheads, arrowheads and axe heads are easily recognized by their
\ndistinctive forms while other stone tools, are frequently misidentified or overlooked
\nby professional and avocational archaeologists alike. This week, we recognize the
\nteshoa, one such often overlooked artifact in the prehistoric tool kit. Teshoas
\nare simple multi-purpose hand-held flake tools most commonly made from river
\ncobbles of quartzite, siltstone, or sandstone. Used in a variety of ways \u2014 to butcher
\nmeat, cut reeds and grass, scrape animal hides, and scale fish, to name a
\nfew \u2014 their presence in the archaeological record dates back in time many
\nmillennia. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/div>\n

Nineteenth
\ncentury first-hand accounts document Shoshone women from the North American
\nsouthwest using cobble flake tools to process buffalo skins (Leidy 1873). It is
\nfrom these accounts and others of the Shoshone tribes that the tool name was
\nderived. The word teshoa linguistically originates from Shoshonean words <\/span>tossawi<\/i><\/b>
\n[Fort Hall Shoshone tribal language] and <\/span>tocawig<\/i><\/b> [Washakie
\nShoshone tribal language] (Gatschet 1888; Schmidt-Wartemberg 1889). Frances
\nEyman (1968), who has done extensive research on teshoa tools, stated that both
\nterms have a shared meaning for what archaeologists call a teshoa today. Joseph
\nGebow (1868) and Harry Hull St. Claire II (1902) associate the root of the word
\n<\/span>tsekah<\/i><\/b> or <\/span>tcikaa,<\/i><\/b> \u201cto cut\u201d, with the term teshoa.<\/span><\/p>\n

More
\nthan a century after ethnographic and linguistic information was published, examples
\nof teshoa tools were recognized at archaeological sites in different parts of eastern
\nNorth America. According to Herbert Kraft, the tool form has a broad distribution,
\n\u201c. . . from the Delmarva peninsula through New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania,
\nand eastern New York and New England . . .\u201d (Kraft 1966).<\/i> Restricting this
\ndiscussion to Pennsylvania-based archaeological discoveries, we\u2019ll review the presence
\nof \u2018teshoa\u2019 tool forms to the Delaware and Susquehanna valleys.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Examples
\nof teshoa tools have been found up and down the Delaware and Susquehanna River
\nshorelines. These are frequently overlooked because of their water worn
\nappearance.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Teshoas recovered
\nfrom the Susquehanna River shoreline, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Image
\ncourtesy Kelly Baer.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

The
\nfirst formal recognition of the teshoa in Pennsylvania archaeology was John
\nWitthoft and the Forks of the Delaware Chapter 14, Society for Pennsylvania
\nArchaeology (SPA) investigations at the Overpeck site (36BU5) located near Kintnerville,
\nBucks County, Pennsylvania.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Teshoas from Overpeck; middle row left
\n\u2013 teshoa pebble core. The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

The Early and Late Woodland soil strata at Overpeck contained teshoa tools and the cobble cores from which they were made along with the diagnostic artifacts such as pottery and projectile points that demonstrated clear cut cultural associations. Subsequently, teshoas and teshoa-like tools have been reported from other investigations at Pre-contact sites in the Delaware River valley and elsewhere.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Prior to the proposed construction of the Tocks Island Reservoir, archaeological excavations conducted by Herbert Kraft, Seton Hall University (1972), David Werner, Lenape Chapter 12, SPA, and Fred Kinsey, Franklin and Marshall College (1972) recovered teshoas and teshoa related tools from the Miller Field, Zimmermann, and Faucett sites, respectively. Other sites in the region continue to yield these unique tools in similar Delaware Valley contexts.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Stone tools that fit the teshoa description are also found on Archaic and Woodland age sites located in the Susquehanna Valley of central and southeastern Pennsylvania. One of these is the Parker Site (36Lu14), a Wyoming Valley Complex Late Woodland settlement dating to the 15th century C.E., located on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River. The site was investigated in the early 1970\u2019s by Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) archaeologists (Herbstritt 2019; Smith 1973). Apart from a single teshoa core of granitic rock, all teshoa tools from Parker were made from indurated siltstone and sandstone cobbles.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pebble core and teshoas from Parker. The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Archaeological excavations at a site near
\nJersey Shore, Pennsylvania on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, occupied
\naround the same time as 36Lu14, also recovered an assemblage of teshoa tools
\nmanufactured from silt and sandstone cobbles.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Teshoas from Clinton County, Pennsylvania. West Branch Susquehanna River Valley. The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


<\/span><\/div>\n

Teshoas
\nrecovered from PHMC excavations at the deeply stratified Archaic site on Piney
\nIsland, in the lower Susquehanna valley were made from a greater diversity of
\nstone material (Kent 1970).\u00a0 <\/span>Locally sourced
\nquartzite and diabase cobbles were the preferred raw materials used to manufacture
\nteshoas and teshoa-like cobble tools at the Piney Island site. .<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Teshoas from Piney Island. The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


<\/span><\/div>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Experimental
\narchaeology research into teshoa tool use and function provides further
\ninsights into the archaeological and ethnographic\/linguistic record. Lithic
\ntechnology experimentation with replicated teshoa tools has assisted with interpreting
\nthe potential functions of this class of artifact as it applies to stone tool use
\nin prehistory (Coles 1973; Roberts and Sant 1983). Comparing the distinct wear
\npatterns from cutting different materials such as wood, bone, skin, etc. on
\nexperimentally replicated tools to the wear patterns on archaeologically recovered
\nteshoa tools can help identify and infer an artifact\u2019s function or multiple
\nfunctions over its use-life.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Replicated examples of teshoa tools and pebble core. The State Museum of Pennsylvania.\u00a0<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\n

We
\nhope that you have enjoyed this blog on a unique, and often overlooked artifact
\ntype in the archaeological site record. Please visit us next time for another topical
\npresentation from TWIPA.<\/span><\/p>\n

References<\/u><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Coles,
\nJohn<\/span><\/p>\n

1973\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Archaeology by Experiment<\/i>. Charles
\nScribner\u2019s Sons. New York<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Eyman,
\nFrances<\/span><\/p>\n

1968\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Teshoa: A Shoshonean Woman\u2019s Knife: A
\nStudy of American Indian Chopper Industries. Pennsylvania Archaeologist<\/i>
\n34(3-4):9-52.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Forks
\nof the Delaware Chapter 14<\/span><\/p>\n

1980\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Overpeck Site (36BU5). Pennsylvania
\nArchaeologist<\/i> 50(3):1-46.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Gatschet,
\nAlbert S.<\/span><\/p>\n

1888\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Words of the Shoshone Language, as Spoken at
\nthe Fort Hall Reservation in Idaho Territory, May 1888. MS, Archives of the
\nBureau of American Ethnology, <\/i>No. 749. Washington <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Gebow,
\nJoseph A. <\/span><\/p>\n

1868\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A Vocabulary of the Snake or Sho-sho-nay Dialect<\/i>.
\n2nd<\/sup> edition. Green River City. Wyoming.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Herbstritt,
\nJames T.<\/span><\/p>\n

2019\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Becoming Susquehannock: The West Branch and
\nNorth Branch Traditions in: The Susquehannocks: New Perspectives on
\nSettlement and Cultural Identity<\/i>. Edited by Paul A. Raber. The Pennsylvania
\nState University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kent, Barry C.<\/span><\/p>\n

1970\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality
\nAmong the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont.<\/i> Doctoral
\ndissertation. The Pennsylvania State University.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinsey, W.
\nFred III<\/span><\/p>\n

1972 \u00a0\u00a0 Faucett Site 36-Pi-13A Archeology in the
\nUpper Delaware Valley: A Study of the Cultural Chronology of the Tocks Island
\nReservoir. W. Fred Kinsey, III. Anthropological Series<\/i> No. 2,
\nPennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Harrisburg.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kraft,
\nHerbert C.<\/span><\/p>\n

1966\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Teshoas and Elongated Pebble Tools. The
\nArchaeological Society of New Jersey. <\/i>Bulletin Number 23: 1-6.<\/span><\/p>\n

1972\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Miller Field Site; Warren County, New
\nJersey in: Archeology in the Upper Delaware Valley: A
\nStudy of the Cultural Chronology of the Tocks Island Reservoir. W. Fred Kinsey,
\nIII. Anthropological Series<\/i> No. 2, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum
\nCommission. Harrisburg. <\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Leslie,
\nVernon<\/span><\/p>\n

1973\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Faces in Clay: The Archaeology and Early
\nHistory of the Red Man in the Upper Delaware Valley<\/i>. 1st<\/sup>
\nEdition, T. Emmett Henderson, Publisher, Middletown, New York.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Leidy,
\nJoseph<\/span><\/p>\n

1872\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 On Remains of Primitive Art in the Bridger
\nBasin of Southern Wyoming. In: A Geological and Geographical Survey of the
\nTerritories, 6th<\/sup> Annual Report, edited by F.V. Heyden, pp.651-54.
\nPls. 7-12. Washington<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Roberts, Daniel G. and Mark B. Sant<\/span><\/p>\n

1983\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A
\nPreliminary Replicative Analysis of Teshoa Flake Production. Pennsylvania
\nArchaeologist<\/i> 53(1-2):28-41.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

Smith,
\nIra F. <\/span><\/p>\n

1973\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Parker Site; A Manifestation of the Wyoming
\nValley Culture. Pennsylvania Archaeologist<\/i> 43(3-4): 1-56<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

St.
\nClaire, Harry Hull, II<\/span><\/p>\n

1902\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Shoshonean Dictionary. MS, Archives of
\nthe Bureau of American Ethnology, <\/i>No. 2948A, pp.74-266. Washington.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Schmidt-Wartemberg,
\nH.<\/span><\/p>\n

1889\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Shoshone, Waskakie, Box Elder Creek, Utah.
\n(On Powell\u2019s printed vocabulary Schedule sheets.) MS, Archives of the Bureau
\nof American Ethnology<\/i>, No. 789. Washington.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Werner,
\nDavid<\/span><\/p>\n

1972\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Zimmerman Site 36-Pi-14 in: Archeology in
\nthe Upper Delaware Valley: A Study of the Cultural Chronology of the Tocks
\nIsland Reservoir. W. Fred Kinsey, III. Anthropological Series<\/i> No. 2,
\nPennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Harrisburg.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Witthoft,
\nJohn <\/span><\/p>\n

n.d.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Overpeck and Diehl Site Report.<\/i> Unpublished
\nmanuscript on file at the Section of Archaeology, The State Museum of
\nPennsylvania.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

For more information, visit PAarchaeology.state.pa.us <\/a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at The State Museum of Pennsylvania <\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This week in Pennsylvania archaeology (TWIPA) has defined many different types of stone tools found on Pre-Contact archaeological sites over the years. Tool-types like spearheads, arrowheads and axe heads are easily recognized by their distinctive forms while other stone tools, are frequently misidentified or overlooked by professional and avocational archaeologists alike. This week, we recognize […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":36460,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[23822,1281,1447],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-36459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-chipped","tag-stone","tag-tool"],"yoast_head":"\nA Chipped Stone Tool of Many Uses - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Chipped Stone Tool of Many Uses - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This week in Pennsylvania archaeology (TWIPA) has defined many different types of stone tools found on Pre-Contact archaeological sites over the years. Tool-types like spearheads, arrowheads and axe heads are easily recognized by their distinctive forms while other stone tools, are frequently misidentified or overlooked by professional and avocational archaeologists alike. This week, we recognize […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-01-19T11:51:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Picture3.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1097\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#\/schema\/person\/b85e3c3dc0e1daea076524dc8810c371\"},\"headline\":\"A Chipped Stone Tool of Many Uses\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-01-19T11:51:41+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459\"},\"wordCount\":1351,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Picture3.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Chipped\",\"Stone\",\"Tool\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Anthropology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459\",\"name\":\"A Chipped Stone Tool of Many Uses - 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Tool-types like spearheads, arrowheads and axe heads are easily recognized by their distinctive forms while other stone tools, are frequently misidentified or overlooked by professional and avocational archaeologists alike. This week, we recognize […]","og_url":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459","og_site_name":"Som2ny Network","article_published_time":"2025-01-19T11:51:41+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1097,"height":630,"url":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Picture3.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#\/schema\/person\/b85e3c3dc0e1daea076524dc8810c371"},"headline":"A Chipped Stone Tool of Many Uses","datePublished":"2025-01-19T11:51:41+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459"},"wordCount":1351,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Picture3.png","keywords":["Chipped","Stone","Tool"],"articleSection":["Anthropology"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459","url":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=36459","name":"A Chipped Stone Tool of Many Uses - 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