{"id":347376,"date":"2025-12-16T21:51:34","date_gmt":"2025-12-16T21:51:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/uncategorized\/wwwwd-what-would-woodrow-wilson-do\/"},"modified":"2025-12-16T21:51:34","modified_gmt":"2025-12-16T21:51:34","slug":"wwwwd-what-would-woodrow-wilson-do","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=347376","title":{"rendered":"WWWWD: What would Woodrow Wilson do?"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

\n

AV Ristorante<\/a> is a recurring series by Brian Fitzpatrick<\/a>. <\/em><\/p>\n

Please note that the views of outside contributors do not reflect the official opinions of SCOTUSblog or its staff.<\/em><\/p>\n

As we all know \u2013 how could we have missed it! \u2013 the Supreme Court heard oral argument in Trump v. Slaughter<\/em><\/a> just a week ago, on Monday, Dec. 8. That case involves the erstwhile commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission, Rebecca Slaughter, and tees up the question whether so-called \u201cindependent\u201d federal agencies violate the constitutionally mandated separation of powers. The case would have been near and dear to the heart of my old boss, Justice Antonin Scalia, who vehemently thought these agencies should be subject to the president\u2019s control.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

What makes agencies \u201cindependent\u201d is that Congress purportedly prevented the president from removing their leaders at will. These agencies were first created during the Progressive Era \u2013 that\u2019s usually a bad sign<\/a> \u2013 and the court upheld the FTC\u2019s removal restrictions as constitutional in 1935 in a case called Humphrey\u2019s Executor v. United States<\/em><\/a>. Given the court\u2019s decision on its interim docket<\/a> to allow Trump to fire Slaughter while the litigation moved forward, many suspected the court would bring a smile to Scalia up in heaven and overrule Humphrey\u2019s Executor<\/em> in this case, and, indeed, a majority of justices at oral argument suggested as much<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Given the focus on the Constitution, I have been left to wonder on my own about the statute at issue here. Have we been correct to assume all these years that Congress made these agencies as independent from the president as the court and my fellow conservatives seem to think? Or does the statute give the president more discretion to fire the leaders of such agencies than we have been led to believe, and issues of constitutionality \u2013 though they get all the attention \u2013 might thus be avoided?<\/p>\n

The Federal Trade Commission Act<\/a> says the president can remove the commissioners for \u201cinefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.\u201d This same language is found in many of the statutes creating Progressive Era agencies. There is a good law review article<\/a> that explains what these words likely meant 100 years ago, and their grounds for removal seem pretty narrow.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, these statutes do not say the president can only<\/em> remove a commissioner for these reasons. In Humphrey\u2019s Executor<\/em>,the court deployed the well-known canon expressio unius est exclusio<\/em> alterius<\/em><\/a> to conclude that \u201conly\u201d is what the statute must have meant. But, interestingly, the first time the court encountered the same language in Shurtleff v. United States<\/em><\/a> in 1903, it rejected<\/em> the expressio unius<\/em> interpretation. The court said \u201c[t]he right of removal would exist if the statute had not contained a word upon the subject. It does not exist by virtue of the grant, but it inheres in the right to appoint.\u201d Accordingly, \u201c[i]t requires plain language to take it away,\u201d not \u201cleaving it to be implied from doubtful inferences\u201d like the expressio unius<\/em> canon.<\/p>\n

Given that Shurtleff<\/em> was on the books when Congress enacted the FTC Act in 1914, does that mean we have to presume that the statute does not<\/em> set forth the exclusive grounds for removal?\u00a0According to the treatise<\/a> Scalia himself wrote with Bryan Garner, that\u2019s called the \u201cprior construction canon\u201d: \u201cif a statute uses words or phrases that have already received authoritative construction by the jurisdiction\u2019s court of last resort . . . they are to be understood according to that construction.\u201d Is it possible, then, that, putting the Constitution aside, Humphrey\u2019s Executor<\/em> was wrong on statutory grounds?<\/p>\n

I don\u2019t know \u2013 Shurtleff<\/em> involved an officeholder whose term was not limited in years like FTC commissioners, a distinction the court pressed in Humphrey\u2019s Executor<\/em> \u2013 but I recently came across something that made me think Shurtleff<\/em> might have been on to something after all. The author was none other than Woodrow Wilson \u2013 the president who signed the FTC Act into law! \u2013 and the piece was his famous article, The Study of Administration<\/a>. It was published in 1887, the very same year Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission, the first \u201cindependent\u201d agency with the inefficiency-neglect-malfeasance provision.<\/p>\n

Wilson\u2019s piece is largely a love letter to the administrative state and the piece is often read in conservative circles as part of the \u201canti-canon,\u201d if you will, but I was struck by what he said about the tenure of agency officials:<\/p>\n

\n

[T]o fear the creation of a domineering, illiberal officialism as a result of [what] I am here proposing is to miss altogether the principle upon which I wish most to insist. That principle is, that administration in the United States must be at all points sensitive to public opinion. A body of thoroughly trained officials serving during good behavior we must have [and] the apprehension that such a body will be anything un-American clears away the moment it is asked, What is to constitute good behavior? [S]teady, hearty allegiance to the policy of the government they serve will constitute good behavior. That policy will have no taint of officialism about it. It will not be the creation of permanent officials, but of statesmen whose responsibility to public opinion will be direct and inevitable.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

To my ear, this does not sound like Wilson thought these agencies would be very independent from elected representatives like the president at all. He does go on to say that bureaucrats must exist \u201cremoved from the common political life of the people.\u201d But I take that to mean only that they should not be elected, as he also says that that \u201cchiefs of departments must be made\u201d to \u201cserve[] the people.\u201d Moreover, in the quotation above, he states that agencies \u201cmust be at all points sensitive to public opinion.\u201d But how can agency heads serve the people if they are not elected? By being subject to removal by those who are.\u00a0 As Wilson puts it, if they do not show \u201c[s]teady, hearty allegiance to the policy of the government,\u201d they can be removed by \u201cstatesmen whose responsibility to public opinion will be direct.\u201d<\/p>\n

I don\u2019t want to overemphasize Wilson\u2019s viewpoint. He is only one person, and, whatever he might have wanted to be the case, we are bound by the words Congress used. But when textualists interpret old documents and the text is not clear, we sometimes ask ourselves WWFD: what would the framers do? It\u2019s an informal way of summoning original public meaning. Woodrow Wilson was one of the framers of the administrative state. If we ask WWWWD here, is it possible that the answer is that Shurtleff<\/em> was right all along and that much of the constitutional hubbub about \u201cindependent\u201d agencies has been based on the false premise that these agencies were considered independent to begin with?<\/p>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRecommended Citation:<\/strong>
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrian Fitzpatrick,
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWWWWD: What would Woodrow Wilson do?<\/em>,
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSCOTUSblog<\/span> (Dec. 16, 2025, 10:00 AM),
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/2025\/12\/wwwwd-what-would-woodrow-wilson-do\/\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AV Ristorante is a recurring series by Brian Fitzpatrick. Please note that the views of outside contributors do not reflect the official opinions of SCOTUSblog or its staff. As we all know \u2013 how could we have missed it! \u2013 the Supreme Court heard oral argument in Trump v. Slaughter just a week ago, on […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":347377,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[169619,169617,2,169618],"tags":[169620,4220,169622,169621],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-347376","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-25-332","category-av-ristorante","category-featured","category-recurring-columns","tag-25-332","tag-wilson","tag-woodrow","tag-wwwwd"],"yoast_head":"\nWWWWD: What would Woodrow Wilson do? - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=347376\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"WWWWD: What would Woodrow Wilson do? - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"AV Ristorante is a recurring series by Brian Fitzpatrick. 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