{"id":331837,"date":"2025-12-06T02:10:42","date_gmt":"2025-12-06T02:10:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/uncategorized\/trial-fitness-clarified-r-v-bharwani\/"},"modified":"2025-12-06T02:10:42","modified_gmt":"2025-12-06T02:10:42","slug":"trial-fitness-clarified-r-v-bharwani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=331837","title":{"rendered":"Trial Fitness Clarified: R v Bharwani"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

When the Supreme Court of Canada (\u201cSCC\u201d) granted leave to appeal in R v Bharwani<\/em>, 2025 SCC 26<\/a> [Bharwani<\/em>], it represented the first instance in over three decades that the highest court had the opportunity to interpret section 2 of the Criminal Code, <\/em>RSC 1985, c C-46<\/a> [Code<\/em>] since Parliament established the statutory definition for \u201cunfit to stand trial\u201d in 1991. Canadian mental disorder jurisprudence has come a long way in the previous three decades, but fitness\u2014an issue central to the accused\u2019s autonomy, trial fairness, and the \u201cNot Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder\u201d (\u201cNCRMD\u201d) regime\u2014remains largely governed by the Ontario Court of Appeal\u2019s (\u201cONCA\u201d) decision in R v Taylor<\/em>, 1992 CanLII 7412<\/a> [Taylor<\/em>], an integral, but pre-Charter-evolution decision.<\/p>\n

An earlier Appeal Watch<\/a> on this case anticipated that the SCC would follow Taylor<\/em> and avoid expanding the fitness inquiry to require consideration of an accused\u2019s ability to engage in rational, self-interested decision-making. It also expected that the Court would provide further nuance to some of the ONCA\u2019s refinements to the test. This article continues where that one left off: how the SCC ultimately responded to those expectations and where it has left the law of fitness to stand trial.<\/p>\n

Facts<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

In 2013, the appellant, Mr. Mohamed Adam Bharwani, killed his roommate and called the police to confess his crime (Bharwani<\/em>, paras 9-11). Mr. Bharwani had a long-standing history of mental health challenges in the years prior to the killing, challenges that were also evident in his conversations with the police thereafter (Bharwani<\/em>, paras 9-12).<\/p>\n

The Ontario Superior Court of Justice Decision<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Prior to trial, Mr. Bharwani\u2019s mental health challenges \u2014 including delusions, a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and symptoms consistent with psychosis \u2014 became a central aspect of the proceedings due to questions of his ability to stand trial (Bharwani<\/em>, paras 2, 10, 15-17). Multiple pre-trial fitness assessments followed, wherein a jury ultimately found him fit to stand trial (Bharwani, paras 20-21).<\/p>\n

At the resulting trial, Mr. Bharwani, representing himself, raised an NCRMD defence (Bharwani<\/em>, paras 14, 23). Two defense psychiatrists assessed Mr. Bharwani and \u201cconcluded that his mental disorder prevented him from understanding the moral wrongfulness of his actions at the time of the offence\u201d (Bharwani<\/em>, paras 27-28). Inversely, the Crown\u2019s expert, Dr. Scott Woodside, assessed him as suffering from schizophrenia, but still opined that Mr. Bharwani appreciated his actions as morally wrong (Bharwani<\/em>, para 29). The jury rejected the NCRMD verdict and convicted Mr. Bharwani of first-degree murder (Bharwani<\/em>, para 23).<\/p>\n

The Ontario Court of Appeal Decision<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

At ONCA, Mr. Bharwani raised three grounds of appeal: he was unfit to stand trial, his admissions to the Crown\u2019s forensic psychiatrist were not voluntary, and new psychiatric evidence necessitated the substitution of a verdict of NCRMD (Bharwani<\/em>, para 30). However, much of the Court\u2019s decision centered on the issue of fitness.<\/p>\n

Writing unanimously, the Court held that the definition of unfitness from s.2 of the Criminal Code<\/em> as adopted in Taylor<\/em> remains binding (Bharwani<\/em>, para 32). The Court also denied Mr. Bharwani\u2019s suggestion to expand the test to also require someone to have the capacity of making rational decisions motivated by one\u2019s \u201cbest interest\u201d about their actions at trial (Bharwani<\/em>, para 33). The Court found that fitness relates to function: the ability to understand the reality of the trial, the ultimate consequences, and the ability to speak with one\u2019s counsel (Bharwani<\/em>, para 32). In this respect, even objectively irrational decisions can be upheld if the core capacities of Taylor <\/em>are met. Effectively, the Court affirmed that when an individual is able to make and communicate reality\u2011based decisions in the conduct of their defence or instruct counsel to do so, they are fit to stand trial.<\/p>\n

The Court also rejected the other claims. They found that there was no evidentiary support to require a voluntariness voir dire<\/em> about the psychologist\u2019s interview. Finally, the Court found that the proposed new psychiatric evidence was not newly discovered nor likely to render the jury\u2019s verdict displaced (Bharwani<\/em>, para 34).<\/p>\n

The Supreme Court of Canada Decision<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Issues<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

The appellants raised three issues before the SCC:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. What is the proper interpretation of the definition of \u201cunfit to stand trial\u201d in s. 2 of the Criminal Code?<\/li>\n
  2. Did the Court of Appeal err in dismissing the motion to adduce fresh evidence concerning the appellant\u2019s fitness to stand trial and his NCRMD defence?<\/li>\n
  3. Should the motion to adduce new evidence concerning the credibility and reliability of Dr. Woodside be allowed?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    The Majority<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

    In a 6-3 split decision, the court ruled against the appellant on all three issues.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    Regarding the first issue, the majority reasoning arose from the words within the statute itself and an assessment over whether Parliament had intentionally codified fitness and its associated language. Under s.2, an accused is unfit, when \u201con account of mental disorder,\u201d they are \u201cunable to conduct a defence or to instruct counsel to do so\u201d (Bharwani<\/em>, para 47). As held by the SCC, \u201c[t]he capacity required to make those decisions is a reality-based understanding of the nature or object of the proceedings and their possible consequences, an ability to understand the available options and their consequences, and an ability to select between those options when making decisions\u201d (Bharwani<\/em>, para 6).<\/p>\n

    The Court, therefore, established the fitness standard to question: whether the accused understands the trial, appreciates the options available to him, and can formulate and express decisions based upon reality instead of delusional fantasies (Bharwani<\/em>, para 47). But maybe the most important aspect in debunking any proposals for a stricter standard was how the majority rejected Mr. Bharwani\u2019s contention that fitness should encompass one\u2019s ability to make reasonable or objectively sound decisions (Bharwani<\/em>, para 81). Such a standard would essentially transform fitness from a question of minimum threshold of meaningful participation to a value judgment about the quality of an accused\u2019s reasoning; something incompatible with autonomy, the right to direct one\u2019s defence, and the structural integrity of a criminal trial.<\/p>\n

    In Mr. Bharwani\u2019s case, the majority found that despite persisting symptoms of psychosis, he appreciated the role of the trial judge, the nature of the accusation, and the potential consequences he faced (Bharwani<\/em>, para 99). His submissions\u2014albeit convoluted at times\u2014were connected to reality (Bharwani<\/em>, para 91). He engaged with judicial instructions, made use of procedural options such as peremptory challenges, reviewed disclosure, and communicated opinions aligned with an appreciation for what had been brought against him (Bharwani<\/em>, paras 92-98). For the majority, these actions were indicative of the statutorily required minimum cognitive abilities, and they subsequently upheld the trial judge\u2019s finding of fitness.<\/p>\n

    The SCC bench however, was most fiercely divided over the fresh evidence issue. Ultimately, the majority operated in line with the jurisprudence regarding the discretionary nature of fresh evidence. Per Palmer v The Queen, <\/em>[1980] 1 SCR 759<\/a>, \u201c[f]resh evidence should only be admitted if it could not have been adduced at trial through the exercise of due diligence, is relevant to a decisive or potentially decisive issue from the trial, is credible, and is reasonably capable of having affected the result reached at trial\u201d (Bharwani<\/em>, para 159). The majority found that no proposed evidence warranted a reopening of the NCRMD verdict (Bharwani<\/em>, para 101). The new psychiatric opinions were cumulative or deemed inconsistent with the trial record (Bharwani<\/em>, 106). One such report was founded on factual assumptions that did not align with the jury\u2019s evidentiary findings, while the other added little substantive depth to Mr. Bharwani\u2019s defence (Bharwani, <\/em>para 34). While the majority accepted that portions of Dr. Woodside\u2019s methodology had been questioned in other proceedings; they held that these concerns were sufficiently addressed and considered at trial (Bharwani<\/em>, para 131).<\/p>\n

    Without foreclosing discussion completely, the majority avoided the more general question of whether remarks by a judge in an entirely different case are ever admissible as new evidence for the purposes of witness impeachment (Bharwani<\/em>, para 120). Nonetheless, the majority found that in the present case, such elements did not change the determination of NCRMD, and thus, did not admit such evidence or overturn the conviction.<\/p>\n

    The Dissent<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

    The dissent, authored by Karakatsanis and Martin J.J. and joined by Moreau J. engaged with a different perspective. While the dissent agreed with the majority on fitness, they differed on the NCRMD inquiry and question of trial fairness. In their view, the proposed new evidence was highly probative of the credibility of the Crown\u2019s psychiatrist and the merits of the NCRMD defence (Bharwani<\/em>, para 202). The dissent found that the Crown\u2019s position on criminal responsibility was based solely upon Dr. Woodside\u2019s evidence, who was the sole expert who testified that Mr. Bharwani appreciated the moral wrongfulness of his actions (Bharwani<\/em>, para 147). In return, any credible, fresh evidence undermining the credibility or conclusions of Dr. Woodside, could have reasonably impacted the jury\u2019s assessment of criminal responsibility and, consequently, the verdict (Bharwani<\/em>, para 147).<\/p>\n

    In their analysis, the dissent scrutinized the note taking practices, report writing and potential for cognitive bias in prior judicial determinations. They asserted that these considerations raised questions regarding the credibility of Dr. Woodside, who disagreed with two defense psychiatrists. The lower court majority\u2019s emphasis on the \u201cneed for finality in criminal verdicts\u201d dismissed the need for Dr. Chatterjee\u2019s opinion, given that it did not introduce \u201cnew content\u201d despite differing from Dr. Woodside\u2019s conclusion (Bharwani<\/em>, para 198). The dissent however, held that \u201cDr. Chatterjee\u2019s opinion ha[d] novel value because [they had] admitted the fresh evidence of Dr. Woodside\u2019s testimony in other proceedings\u201d. They cautioned against the isolated nature of Dr. Woodside\u2019s opinion, and encouraged the inclusion of Dr. Chatterjee\u2019s finding, in which she opined that the appellant was NCR at the time of the killing. (Bharwani<\/em>, para 202).\u00a0<\/p>\n

    Beyond evidentiary concerns, the dissent provided a nuanced elaboration on the NCRMD test. They articulated that knowing something is morally wrong in the abstract cannot be determinative. Instead, what is relevant is whether the accused could have applied that knowledge to their situation at the time of the offence. When psychosis dictates conduct, thus overwhelming the ability to do otherwise, then NCRMD can be found, despite a general understanding of moral wrongdoing (Bharwani<\/em>, para 224). While this application aligns with jurisprudence, it also further underscores the complexity of the NCRMD regime in cases involving fluctuating insight and fitness.<\/p>\n

    Analysis<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    The Court\u2019s refusal to impose a reasonableness or best-interests test reinforces the minimal threshold in the fitness test. This decision therefore affirms that mental disorder cannot become an unintended, and arbitrary barrier to trial, particularly through the subjective assertion of \u201cbest interests\u201d. By grounding the inquiry in reality-based comprehension instead of evaluative assessments of decision-making quality, the Court protects autonomy with respect to the accused while still facilitating integrity in criminal proceedings.<\/p>\n

    Inversely Bharwani<\/em> also illuminates the limits of judicial willingness to challenge expert evidence post-trial. The majority\u2019s cautious approach to fresh evidence emphasizes the importance of trial finality and the high threshold afforded for fresh evidence applications in the realm of contentious expert credibility. Conversely, the dissent reflects a growing reluctance to accept previous evidence at face value, especially when doing so could realistically have affected the verdict.<\/p>\n

    Though in agreement on the accused\u2019s fitness to stand trial, the majority and dissent\u2019s divide has potential to shape future litigation strategy and approaches to criminal proceedings. Defence counsel may rely on the methodological underpinnings of expert opinions and establishing differing expert beliefs. In contrast, trial judges may become more vigilant in assessing the reliability of differing expert evidence, the previous credibility of experts, and the extent to which experts provide new perspectives. Although the dissent did not prevail in this case, its reasoning provides a foundation to influence future discussions about evidentiary standards and post-trial reviews.<\/p>\n

    Conclusion<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ultimately, Bharwani<\/em> clarifies longstanding uncertainty on s.2 of the Criminal Code and reaffirms the quasi-minimal, functional and autonomy-preserving fitness standard. It crystalizes the jurisprudential standard for fitness determinations and additionally affirms that criminal responsibility requires participation grounded in reality, not engaging in one\u2019s best interests. Nonetheless, the split on the NCRMD and fresh evidence issues highlight the law\u2019s continued difficulty in grappling with issues of mental disorder and treatment in the criminal justice system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u00a0 When the Supreme Court of Canada (\u201cSCC\u201d) granted leave to appeal in R v Bharwani, 2025 SCC 26 [Bharwani], it represented the first instance in over three decades that the highest court had the opportunity to interpret section 2 of the Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46 [Code] since Parliament established the statutory definition […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":331838,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[157644,12131,99818,113747,112656,157645,157646,157647,119271,157642,101805,157643,157648],"tags":[157649,14733,692,13623],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-331837","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-criminal-code-of-canada","category-criminal-justice","category-criminal-law","category-criminal-procedure","category-evidence","category-fitness-to-stand-trial","category-legislative-intent","category-mental-disorder","category-murder","category-ncr","category-parliament","category-sentencing","category-trial-fairness","tag-bharwani","tag-clarified","tag-fitness","tag-trial"],"yoast_head":"\nTrial Fitness Clarified: R v Bharwani - 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