{"id":326391,"date":"2025-12-01T17:12:43","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T17:12:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/alternative-medicine\/new-information-on-elderberry-toxicity\/"},"modified":"2025-12-01T17:12:43","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T17:12:43","slug":"new-information-on-elderberry-toxicity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=326391","title":{"rendered":"New Information on Elderberry Toxicity"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"post-body-5668952182985084054\" itemprop=\"description articleBody\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">New Information on Elderberry Toxicity<br \/><\/h2>\n<p>from the November\/December 2019 issue &#8211; The Essential Herbal<br \/>by Rebekah Bailey<\/p>\n<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjg92vrBC8RP5J1UnuZSfnHMBMamr5308M7hbC7Y_RZ9wBiBUrU5O7H0-24tYR3yjh96Jt0z0KOjfqLHPGZNfefWZH3EMUvfGrhsMgR6hNdUEEzZr7htJwYkJYzhtZkbQ37E-3BfegRqM_VWX5hyU3B_xjY6507qSP86uTEK8PYiCPukcDkpLNU\/s1440\/elderberry%20close.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1440\" data-original-width=\"1440\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjg92vrBC8RP5J1UnuZSfnHMBMamr5308M7hbC7Y_RZ9wBiBUrU5O7H0-24tYR3yjh96Jt0z0KOjfqLHPGZNfefWZH3EMUvfGrhsMgR6hNdUEEzZr7htJwYkJYzhtZkbQ37E-3BfegRqM_VWX5hyU3B_xjY6507qSP86uTEK8PYiCPukcDkpLNU\/s320\/elderberry%20close.jpg\" width=\"320\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Writing this<br \/>\nparticular article proved to be one of my more interesting writing<br \/>\nexperiences.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>I had completed and<br \/>\nsubmitted it, only to have a series of events unfold in the following couple of<br \/>\ndays which required Tina and me to discuss a re-write.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>In a serendipitous turn of events, only hours<br \/>\nafter reviewing my article, Tina was approached by an elderberry farmer who<br \/>\nmentioned new research being conducted on elderberry toxicity.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>As a result, I was able to run down and<br \/>\ninterview Andy Thomas, a research professor with the University of Missouri<br \/>\nSouthwest Center. He shared with me details of an elderberry toxicity research<br \/>\nproject, due to be published in the coming months. I will begin with the<br \/>\ncurrently accepted information on elderberry toxicity, and then follow up with<br \/>\nwhat I learned from Thomas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Conventional<br \/>\nwisdom regarding elderberries has been they are toxic when raw, and that the<br \/>\ncyanide producing compound in them is neutralized with heat.\u00a0 Elderberry<br \/>\nbranches, stems, leaves, and seeds contain potential cyanide in the form<br \/>\nof\u00a0cyanogenic glycosides. When ingested, these glycosides react with an<br \/>\nenzyme, beta-glucosidase, and hydrolyze, releasing hydrogen cyanide.<br \/>\nElderberries aren&#8217;t the only food containing cyanogenic glycosides: Lima beans,<br \/>\nflax seed, almonds, apple seeds, cherry and plum pits, apricot and peach pits,<br \/>\ncassava (the source of tapioca), spinach, peas, soy, and bamboo shoots.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>However, I don&#8217;t see anyone losing sleep<br \/>\nover eating spinach and lima beans &#8230; ummm, well, maybe if you don&#8217;t like<br \/>\nthose vegetables.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhJVd5GjPC3qgyHj_3ZQ7K1LLAokHRywxUoKQAjuN2cQZ9-CavDvSBIQ89rTUJuV7d-BOfFs3BTBMLXLh1QTF5bgmdEqGnMAUxxWjEuklHvLt1fTGNYZotU2M490BfV6ESkX4xE30jIogWedOzfKXAkKnAAjInIRnExE_ndGa4I5k4dEt3B_4at\/s1280\/Basket%20o%20Elderberry.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1280\" data-original-width=\"1280\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhJVd5GjPC3qgyHj_3ZQ7K1LLAokHRywxUoKQAjuN2cQZ9-CavDvSBIQ89rTUJuV7d-BOfFs3BTBMLXLh1QTF5bgmdEqGnMAUxxWjEuklHvLt1fTGNYZotU2M490BfV6ESkX4xE30jIogWedOzfKXAkKnAAjInIRnExE_ndGa4I5k4dEt3B_4at\/w400-h400\/Basket%20o%20Elderberry.jpg\" width=\"400\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Exposure to small<br \/>\namounts of cyanide can cause dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, rapid<br \/>\nbreathing, and rapid heart rate. Exposure to larger amounts can cause<br \/>\nconvulsions, loss of consciousness, low blood pressure, and respiratory failure.<br \/>\nHow much ingested cyanide is toxic to human beings? Well I couldn&#8217;t find an<br \/>\nexact number, but one source cited 98 mg in one day (and stated the lowest<br \/>\ndocumented lethal dose as 37.8 mg), and the John Hopkins Center for Health<br \/>\nSecurity cites 100-200 mg when ingested as sodium or potassium cyanide.\u00a0<br \/>\nAnother source cited &#8220;0.5-3.5 mg\/kg bw. Approximately 50-60 mg of free<br \/>\ncyanide constitutes a lethal dose for an adult man.&#8221;<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>The human body is able to clear small amounts<br \/>\nof cyanide through the liver involving a molecule called thiosulfate, and if<br \/>\nenough tiosulfate is not present, then cyanide poisoning occurs.\u00a0 Taking<br \/>\nthis into account, it stands to reason that poisoning will vary from person to<br \/>\nperson, depending on body weight, fasting\/non-fasting, and individual metabolic<br \/>\nfactors. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Having a general<br \/>\nidea of how much cyanide is lethal, the next question is how much cyanide can<br \/>\nyou find in elderberry? I could only find a couple of sources, which both<br \/>\nstated 3mg per 100 g of fresh berries, and up to 17mg per 100 g of fresh<br \/>\nleaves.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>However, when I followed up with<br \/>\nboth articles&#8217; source material, Assessment Report on Sambucus nigra L., fructus<br \/>\nby the European Medicines Agency, I could find no such numbers.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>What the report did state was that<br \/>\ninformation regarding the level of cyanogenic glycosides in the fruits and seed<br \/>\nwas not available.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>Of the two sources I<br \/>\nfound, one came to the conclusion that it\u2019s inconclusive just what the<br \/>\nconcentration of cyanogenic glycosides found in the berries and flowers.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>If you were to go by the amount of 3 mg, then<br \/>\nit would take eating approximately 3 pounds of raw elderberries to get a toxic<br \/>\ndose of cyanide.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\"><b>Here is where the<br \/>\nnew Missouri University elderberry study becomes<br \/>\nrelevant<\/b>.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>The University, working in<br \/>\nconjunction with several state agencies and farmers, have been exploring<br \/>\nelderberry as a commercial crop. A range of different studies have been<br \/>\nconducted and written about, the most recent focusing on the toxicity issue. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The study focused<br \/>\non American Elderberry (Sambucus Canadensis), which is a different species than<br \/>\nthe European Elderberry (Sambucus nigra).<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span>Thomas referenced another study which established that cyanogenic<br \/>\nglycosides in American Elderberry are lower than those found in the European<br \/>\nElderberry. The toxicity study only encompassed the edible berries, and did not<br \/>\ninclude the leaves, stems, and branches. Tested were ripe berries,<br \/>\nred\/under-ripe berries, green berries, and pedicels (tiny stems that attach<br \/>\nberries to the umbel). Thomas stated that they even had a student who<br \/>\npainstakingly separated skin, seeds, pulp, and juice of berries, so the<br \/>\nindividual parts could be tested for glycosides.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>Using the levels of cyanogenic glycosides<br \/>\nfound in commercial apple juice as a benchmark, <b>the study found that all parts<br \/>\nof the raw elderberry \u2013 green, red or ripe \u2013 contained lower levels of<br \/>\nglycosides than commercial apple juice.<\/b> <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0<\/span>The study also examined the levels of<br \/>\nbeta-glucosidase found in elderberries.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span>Cyanogenic glycosides in elderberries represent a potential for cyanide,<br \/>\nbut only convert to cyanide if reacted with beta-glucosidase. The study found<br \/>\nthere were insufficient quantities of beta-glucosidase to convert the<br \/>\nglucosides to cyanide.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\"><b>The study<br \/>\nconcluded<\/b> that the raw berries of the American Elderberry were as safe, if not<br \/>\nsafer, than commercial apple juice because 1) cyanogenic glycoside levels were<br \/>\nextremely low, and 2) insufficient quantities of beta-glucosidase were present<br \/>\nto convert any glycosides to cyanide.<br \/><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Free Apple Apple Tree photo and picture\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.pixabay.com\/photo\/2018\/08\/04\/16\/07\/apple-3583951_1280.jpg\" title=\"Download free HD stock image of Apple Apple Tree\" width=\"266\"\/><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\">The good news is<br \/>\nthat it doesn&#8217;t matter if we know the exact levels of glycosides in elderberry.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>What matters is that we know that cyanide<br \/>\nevaporates at a temperature of a little over 78\u00b0F (26\u00b0C). <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\">I found a pretty<br \/>\ncomprehensive study of the effects of heating on cyanogenic glycosides, which<br \/>\nwas informative, and reassuring.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>In the<br \/>\nstudy, bitter apricot seed was boiled in water for 15 minutes, resulting in a<br \/>\n98% reduction in glycosides.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>Bamboo<br \/>\nshoots were down 91% after 15 minutes of boiling, and no detectable traces were<br \/>\nfound after 60 minutes of boiling.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span>Cassava boiled for 20 minutes was down by 97%, and only trace glycosides<br \/>\nwere found after 35 minutes.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>Flax seed<br \/>\nwas dry heated for 15 minutes, resulting in only a 10% reduction in<br \/>\nglycosides.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>The study referenced<br \/>\nprevious studies of dry heating which resulted in only 16-18% reductions, and<br \/>\nconcluded that dry-heating did not reduce cyanide content effectively. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\">I\u2019d like to add<br \/>\none little side note, not related to toxicity, but relevant to heating<br \/>\nelderberries.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>There are a few studies<br \/>\nwhich have examined the effects of heating elderberry.<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>One such study found \u201c<\/span><span style=\"background: white; color: black;\">short-time heat treatment reduces<br \/>\npotential allergy-related risks deriving from elderberry consumption without<br \/>\nseriously affecting its properties as an antioxidant and free-radical scavenging<br \/>\nfood.\u201d<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>Another study indicates gentle<br \/>\nheating may render the polyphenols in elderberry more bioavailable, but this<br \/>\nparticular aspect is still controversial, and needs additional study.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN;\">Taking all of<br \/>\nthis information into consideration, my personal conclusion is that<br \/>\nelderberries are as safe to consume as apples, with or without heating. Care<br \/>\nshould be taken to remove leaves, stems and branches, and a short 15 minute<br \/>\ngentle simmer shouldn\u2019t adversely affect the beneficial properties of the<br \/>\nberries. While not the tastiest raw berries I\u2019ve sampled, when checking my<br \/>\nbushes this afternoon, I didn\u2019t hesitate to pop a handful of elderberries into<br \/>\nmy mouth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>New Information on Elderberry Toxicity from the November\/December 2019 issue &#8211; The Essential Herbalby Rebekah Bailey Writing this particular article proved to be one of my more interesting writing experiences.\u00a0 I had completed and submitted it, only to have a series of events unfold in the following couple of days which required Tina and me [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":326392,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11764],"tags":[2912,6594,65559],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-326391","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-alternative-medicine","tag-elderberry","tag-information","tag-toxicity"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - 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