{"id":309775,"date":"2025-11-21T23:17:24","date_gmt":"2025-11-21T23:17:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/hunter-gatherers-do-not-represent-life-in-our-evolutionary-environment-of-adaptation-anthroecologycom\/"},"modified":"2025-11-21T23:17:24","modified_gmt":"2025-11-21T23:17:24","slug":"hunter-gatherers-do-not-represent-life-in-our-evolutionary-environment-of-adaptation-anthroecologycom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=309775","title":{"rendered":"Hunter-gatherers do not represent life in our Evolutionary Environment of Adaptation \u2013 anthroecologycom"},"content":{"rendered":"


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I have a bone to pick with anyone who persists in assuming that the life of hunting and gathering is the \u201cevolutionary environment of adaptation\u201d for humans, and that therefore, the human mind is best suited to such an economy. But this is a fallacy. I have lived with hunter-gatherers, as well as with horticulturalists and pastoralists.. I find no evidence that humans in any of these societies have cognitive specialization to live in their particular economies. I reject the idea that humans have essentially \u201cstone-aged\u201d brains mismatched to life in any other kind of economy, let alone to life in \u201cmodern\u2019 cultures.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Humans are engaged in bio-cultural evolution, not limited but liberated by our past. We need not be foragers, or African, to be human; that much is obvious.<\/p>\n

What is not immediately obvious, and then glaringly so, is that all of us are as suited to foraging as we are to any OTHER economy, and to Africa as to any other continental ecosystem.<\/p>\n

What we are not suited for: injustice, bullying, solitary confinement, or enforced inactivity. (We are also not suited for exposure to constant high levels of malnutrition, fear, stress, or violence, but that is because we are animals, not because we are human.)
Hunting and gathering are economic activities, which are learned aspects of human behaviour. Human behavioural evolution no more equipped us to survive best in \u201cAfrican savanna\u201d than it hampered us in adapting to glaciated Eurasia, nor did it better equip us to get our food by \u201cforaging\u201d rather then by \u201cgardening\u201d or \u201cshopping\u201d See also this interesting talk\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jaoQh6BoH3c<\/a><\/p>\n

Our minds are not limited to one kind of economic activity; even foragers can not just understand, but eagerly, actively, and opportunistically exploit all sorts of alternative ways of making a living. It is the consequences that the human mind may not always foresee, a fact as evident in the case of hunter-gatherers first encountering a reciprocal exchange economy as it is in modern market economists who struggle with the concept that there is really no such thing as an \u201cexternality\u201d or that economic growth cannot continue indefinitely on a finite planet.<\/p>\n

Sure, we evolved within foraging cultures; but that is not the primary fact about human evolution, or about culture, or even about foraging. Our biological human nature does not have to change to accommodate living in complex stratified societies.<\/p>\n

It is CULTURE, not mobile foraging, that is the essential system to which the human mind and behavioural plasticity adapts.<\/p>\n

Adaptation to life as a cultural creature, over the course of several million years, has strengthened the \u201csapient\u201d side of human nature. We, like many other animals, are capable of mental time travel, we have mental maps, and we can solve puzzles. We have ramped up that ability to analyze \u2013 to do what Daniel Kahneman calls \u201cslow thinking\u201d \u2013 the energy-expensive kind of cogitating \u2013 the \u201crational\u201d mind. Enhancement of these cognitive abilities catapulted the human system of learned behaviour into a class by itself.<\/strong><\/p>\n

This kind of thinking is what children are taught within hunter-gatherer societies as they play, as they listen to adults telling stories, as they learn to make bows and arrows and to help with cooking over an open fire, as they learn to dance and sing by participating in rituals. But in this, hunter-gatherer children are no different from children in most other economies. Conversations and stories, and watching adults interact, teaches children the value of impulse control, of thinking and talking things over, of achieving consensus, and of forgiveness after disputes.<\/p>\n

So\u2026 sure we all are capable of selfishness as well as generosity, of meanness and spite as well as cooperation and compassion. Playful cooperation, inclusivity, and curiosity engage the individual within a viable and replicable behavioural and cognitive niche: Serious competition, exclusivity, and disinterest essentially disengage the individual from full participation. Our human nature, transmuted by our long specialization for a predominantly cultural adaptation, is acutely primed for social engagement, for contact, for language and for paradignamic thinking.<\/p>\n

This is my second quibble with much of the present literature on children\u2019s education. Certainly, it is an improvement to allow children more time and freedom to play and to add context to what they are learning. But why not go further and talk about WHAT it is that children are really learning? I have never been in any society where children did not want to learn to do things. Even in the middle of the Kalahari, children flocked to look at National Geographic pictures, to see through the microscope and the telescope. By popular demand, I had to open a small bush school, because a delegation of children came to me and wanted to learn to read and write. These were hunter-gatherer children, who freely chose to sit for hours practicing letters on 12 inch slates. I had to engage a school teacher to teach them in SeTswana, but their thirst for literacy, numeracy, \u2013 as well as history, music, other languages, geography, or biology \u2013 was astonishing.<\/p>\n

The hunter-gatherer children I knew were never left unsupervised, and were rarely taken on gathering or hunting expeditions, exceptions being the few occasions where it was a short exuberant trip to a grove where thousands of grubs were harvested over the course of an hour to whoops and amid much laughter. Most children and younger teenagers played at learning adult skills like making tools, working on skins, and tending fires, but the bulk of their time was taken up with games of hide and seek, tag, clapping and singing, or pestering their babysitter for another story.<\/p>\n

All this time, they were learning critical interactive behaviour. Younger children \u2013 toddlers- were constantly cuddled and comforted, even after temper tantrums. \u00a0 Hitting, bullying, fighting, and other coercive or manipulative behaviour in children over four was met with mocking laughter as it indicated someone had been teased into loss of self-control. By the time they were ten, most of these children were like zen masters in terms of impulse control. Generosity and sharing of food was translated into helpfulness and cooperative turn-taking in all the games and other undertakings. Jokes and laughter permeated all activities.<\/p>\n

As to egalitarian principles, and how democratic the families of hunter-gatherers are, there\u00a0was a specific incident that brought this home to me. I was interviewing some older men about hunting, while a group of boys practiced with shooting arrows at the other end of the camp. One man, who had a cough, called his son and asked him to bring some water. All the boys stopped playing and stared. The boy called to him father \u201cIs something wrong with you?\u201d and pointed to the cache of stoppered ostrich eggs not fifteen feet away from where we were sitting. The other men all began to tease the father, saying that he had forgot himself and was acting high-handed, expecting to be served like a chief. There was general laughter, and the boys went back to playing, while one of the laughing hunters slipped over to the cache, came back on his knees and bowed and scrapped to his friend, handing over the water-filled egg, all the while the other four men were shrieking with mirth over the faux-pas.<\/p>\n

I asked about whether it was wrong to ask for help and they all hastily said no, that was not it.. it was assuming the authority to command another person that was wrong. Wow. And yet that same boy, months later when his father was hospitalized (the cough was serious after all) spent weeks sleeping in the hospital corridor and cooking all the meals for his father. You can teach an egalitarian ethic without losing mutual loyalty and responsibility. All children desire to conform to the best values and ideals they are shown. The danger is not in forced conformity, it is in the devaluing of what we teach them to conform to.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Every society that has so far resisted disintegration, every successful and thriving culture on the planet, rewards cooperation and loyalty, justice and fairness, self-discipline and diligence, self-sacrifice and honour.<\/p>\n

All successful societies teach children to value these qualities in themselves and in others. No culture long survives the loss of cooperation, love, and compassion; so we should beware of teaching children that some humans deserve more respect and opportunity than others. Why do many industrial cultures, teach children to value competitive activities over cooperative ones? Why do games of one-upmanship seem to dominate children\u2019s free play ? Why is there an epidemic of bullying among school children? Have we forgotten that, in a culture where there is no honour in kindness, death is often kinder than life?<\/p>\n

We have a right to be wary about a systems teaching our children that life is about winner-take-all, when we might be equally concerned about that kid who happens to fail. Why are we creating human beings who would die than live one more day?
How, so soon after the enlightenment, have so many people forgotten the stench of politically reinforced injustice that emerges in a severely unequal world? In such an economy, even the wealthy become caricatures, dehumanized, and the poor often would rather die, in the Mediterranean or some refugee camp, than remain mired in a system that gives their children no future.<\/p>\n

No matter what education system we impose on our children, shouldn\u2019t we respect the essential realities of human nature? Shouldn\u2019t it teach them that they have the right, and the courage, to confront selfishness, coercive aggression, meanness, bullying, injustice, and hubris, wherever they find it, both within themselves and when they see it in others?<\/p>\n

We, as a species, might do worse than find some common ground in these essentials.<\/p>\n

Free To Learn: Does The Hunter-Gatherer Style Of Education Work?
EVOLUTION-INSTITUTE.ORG<\/a> \u00a0https:\/\/evolution-institute.org\/article\/free-to-learn-hunter-gatherer-style-education\/?source=tvol<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I have a bone to pick with anyone who persists in assuming that the life of hunting and gathering is the \u201cevolutionary environment of adaptation\u201d for humans, and that therefore, the human mind is best suited to such an economy. But this is a fallacy. I have lived with hunter-gatherers, as well as with horticulturalists […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":309776,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[33496,13320,17377,32572,35043,3333,27779],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-309775","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-adaptation","tag-anthroecologycom","tag-environment","tag-evolutionary","tag-huntergatherers","tag-life","tag-represent"],"yoast_head":"\nHunter-gatherers do not represent life in our Evolutionary Environment of Adaptation \u2013 anthroecologycom - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=309775\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hunter-gatherers do not represent life in our Evolutionary Environment of Adaptation \u2013 anthroecologycom - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"I have a bone to pick with anyone who persists in assuming that the life of hunting and gathering is the \u201cevolutionary environment of adaptation\u201d for humans, and that therefore, the human mind is best suited to such an economy. 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