{"id":266148,"date":"2025-06-01T00:35:51","date_gmt":"2025-06-01T00:35:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/activist\/next-phase-civilizational-multipolarity-in-a-post-pax-americana-world\/"},"modified":"2025-06-01T00:35:51","modified_gmt":"2025-06-01T00:35:51","slug":"next-phase-civilizational-multipolarity-in-a-post-pax-americana-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=266148","title":{"rendered":"NEXT PHASE: \u2018Civilizational Multipolarity\u2019 in a Post-Pax Americana World"},"content":{"rendered":" \r\n<br><div>\n\n                                        \n\n\n<p><strong><em>New order sees states derive legitimacy from deep structures of language, religion and institutional memory rather than universal norms.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Marcus Loh\u00a0<\/strong>writes for<a href=\"https:\/\/asiatimes.com\/2025\/05\/civilizational-multipolarity-in-a-post-pax-americana-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>\u00a0Asia Times<\/strong><\/a>\u2026.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>In 2016, Singapore\u2019s then-Defense Minister\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/parliament-singapore-will-continue-to-pursue-defence-foreign-policy-for-its-survival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ng Eng Hen was asked in Parliament<\/a>\u00a0how the country would respond if the United States were to pull back from its security commitments in Asia. At the time, the question was hypothetical.<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"g g-1\"><div class=\"g-single a-15\"><a class=\"gofollow\" data-track=\"MTUsMSwxLDYw\" href=\"https:\/\/abovephone.com\/?above=macro\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1200\" height=\"640\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.activistpost.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Ad-Black-99-Macroaggressions.png\"\/><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, with Donald Trump in his second term and Ng stepping down after 14 years as Singapore\u2019s longest-serving defense chief, the question has become reality. The American security umbrella \u2013 long taken for granted by many of its allies \u2013 appears to be fraying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The post-WWII order, underwritten by US military dominance and financial centrality, is no longer assured. And in anticipation of a post-Pax Americana world, states are adjusting accordingly for a new order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>American fault lines<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first fault line lies in deterrence. For decades, US allies were content to rely on American protection rather than build up their own armed forces. That era is over.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/my-europe\/2025\/03\/07\/special-funds-for-defence-legislative-change-in-the-fast-lane\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Germany<\/a>\u00a0has committed US$107 billion to defense upgrades.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/notesfrompoland.com\/2024\/07\/16\/poland-has-natos-third-largest-military-new-figures-show\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Poland<\/a>\u00a0now spends 4% of GDP on its military \u2013 more than any other NATO member.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Asia tells a similar story.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/global\/asia-pacific\/2025\/01\/16\/japans-passes-record-defense-budget-while-still-playing-catch-up\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Japan<\/a>\u00a0is doubling its defense budget by 2027, upending long-standing pacifist traditions. In\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icanw.org\/nuclear_tensions_rise_on_korean_peninsula\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">South Korea,<\/a>\u00a076% of citizens now support developing nuclear weapons \u2013 an idea once unthinkable under the US nuclear umbrella. Across both regions, allies are hedging against the possibility of American abandonment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The second fault line is financial. The American military\u2019s reach has long been sustained by global demand for US Treasuries. But the foundations of that system are weakening. In FY2023, the US ran a budget deficit of $1.7 trillion, $1.1 trillion of which went to defense and veterans\u2019 spending.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, foreign appetite for American debt is shrinking. Overseas ownership of US Treasuries has dropped from 42% in 2013 to 31% in 2023. China alone has\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/table.media\/en\/china\/sinolytics-radar\/why-china-continues-to-hold-on-to-us-government-bonds\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reduced its holdings<\/a>\u00a0by more than $330 billion.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/misc\/RS22331.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The dollar\u2019s share of global foreign reserves<\/a>, once above 70% in 1999, has fallen to 58%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What\u2019s more, the weaponization of the dollar \u2013 through sanctions, export controls and financial restrictions \u2013 has spurred countermeasures. The BRICS bloc is expanding non-dollar trade and exploring alternatives like central bank digital currencies. Economist\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticaleconomy.com\/2023\/02\/03\/us-imperialism-dollar-hegemony-yanis-varoufakis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dr Yanis Varoufakis calls this<\/a>\u00a0the rise of \u201ccloud capital\u201d, a global financial architecture slowly decoupling from American control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The third fault line is institutional. The legitimacy of US leadership was once rooted in its commitment to multilateralism. Today, that commitment appears selective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From withdrawing from the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Paris Climate Agreement to the chaotic exit from Afghanistan, Washington\u2019s global posture has become more transactional. Conditional support for Ukraine and shifting rhetoric on NATO have deepened doubts about America\u2019s reliability in its new role as an offshore balancer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The recent\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2025\/05\/12\/asia\/india-pakistan-kashmir-ceasefire-intl-hnk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">India\u2013Pakistan conflict\u00a0<\/a>\u2013 killing over 50 civilians and inflicting $90 billion in economic damage by some estimates \u2013 revealed how quickly a confrontation between nuclear powers can now spiral without a more timely US intervention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Rise of civilizational multipolarity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet the greater challenge may not be the retreat of the American umbrella itself but rather what emerges in its absence \u2013 a shift I call \u201ccivilizational multipolarity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What makes this moment distinct from any other in history is not just the redistribution of power \u2013 it is the nature of the actors now asserting that power. For the first time, multiple civilizational states \u2013 China, India, Russia and Iran \u2013 are rising within a shared global system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Historian\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/ips\/news\/details\/12th-ips-nathan-lecture-series-lecture-i-cultures-and-civilisations-by-professor-wang-gungwu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Professor Wang Gungwu calls this\u00a0<\/a>the return of \u201ccivilizational consciousness\u201d \u2013 a dynamic in which states derive legitimacy not from universal norms but from deep structures of language, religion and institutional memory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China exemplifies this shift. As scholar\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/asiasociety.org\/india\/understanding-china-and-its-rise-civilization-state\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dr Martin Jacques observes,<\/a>\u00a0China views itself not merely as a nation-state but as a \u201ccivilization-state,\u201d with 5,000 years of political tradition and moral philosophy. The Chinese Communist Party\u2019s claim to authority is not based on liberal norms but on restoring what it sees as the Middle Kingdom\u2019s rightful place in history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This has far-reaching consequences.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/publications\/destined-war-can-america-and-china-escape-thucydidess-trap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Professor Graham Allison\u2019s \u201cThucydides Trap\u201d\u00a0<\/a>warns of conflict when a rising power threatens a ruling one. But in today\u2019s context, the competition is not only over power \u2013 it is over values and visions of world order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tdhj.org\/blog\/post\/mearsheimer-realism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Professor John Mearsheimer has argued<\/a>\u00a0that liberal internationalism cannot survive in a world governed by nationalism and realism. Civilizational multipolarity intensifies that prognosis: Powers now export governance models rooted in their own traditions rather than converging on a single set of norms\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/asiatimes.com\/2025\/05\/civilizational-multipolarity-in-a-post-pax-americana-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Continue this analysis at Asia Times<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>READ MORE MULTIPOLAR NEWS AT:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/21stcenturywire.com\/tag\/multipolarism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">21st Century Wire Multipolar Files<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>SUPPORT OUR INDEPENDENT MEDIA PLATFORM \u2013\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/21wire.tv\/membership\/plans\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BECOME A MEMBER @21WIRE.TV<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>VISIT OUR\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/My21wire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">TELEGRAM CHANNEL<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n            \n        <\/div>\r\n<br>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>New order sees states derive legitimacy from deep structures of language, religion and institutional memory rather than universal norms. Marcus Loh\u00a0writes for\u00a0Asia Times\u2026. In 2016, Singapore\u2019s then-Defense Minister\u00a0Ng Eng Hen was asked in Parliament\u00a0how the country would respond if the United States were to pull back from its security commitments in Asia. At the time, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":266149,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12022],"tags":[29990,95242,95243,10484,95244,2379],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-266148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-activist","tag-americana","tag-civilizational","tag-multipolarity","tag-phase","tag-postpax","tag-world"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>NEXT PHASE: \u2018Civilizational Multipolarity\u2019 in a Post-Pax Americana World - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=266148\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"NEXT PHASE: \u2018Civilizational Multipolarity\u2019 in a Post-Pax Americana World - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"New order sees states derive legitimacy from deep structures of language, religion and institutional memory rather than universal norms. 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