{"id":262800,"date":"2025-05-29T19:13:00","date_gmt":"2025-05-29T19:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/how-preserved-human-brains-are-rewriting-paleoproteomics\/"},"modified":"2025-05-29T19:13:00","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T19:13:00","slug":"how-preserved-human-brains-are-rewriting-paleoproteomics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=262800","title":{"rendered":"How Preserved Human Brains Are Rewriting Paleoproteomics"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<p>At a forgotten cemetery in Bristol, England, buried under the ruins of a 19th-century workhouse hospital, archaeologists unearthed something rare\u2014human brains. Not mummies. Not bog bodies. Just soft, shriveled, centuries-old brains, unexpectedly intact. What these brains carried wasn&#8217;t just the silent history of anonymous lives but a molecular archive that science has long struggled to access: the deep, hidden record of ancient human proteins.<\/p>\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg\" data-component-name=\"Image2ToDOM\" rel=\"\" class=\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"image2-inset\"><picture><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg 1456w\" sizes=\"100vw\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg\" width=\"1456\" height=\"1941\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:996688,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.anthropology.net\/i\/164742505?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null}\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F27b167b8-dbae-487a-8cd3-1405228a2439_2880x3840.jpeg 1456w\" sizes=\"100vw\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"sizing-normal\"\/><\/picture><\/div>\n<p><\/a><figcaption class=\"image-caption\">Alexandra Morton-Hayward, forensic anthropologist and doctoral candidate at the University of Oxford, holds the two cerebellar hemispheres of a 200 year-old brain, preserved in formalin. Credit: Graham Poulter.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><span>Until recently, ancient soft tissues like brain, liver, or stomach were considered almost unusable for molecular analysis. Bones and teeth\u2014yes. But the fragile complexity of internal organs? Not a chance. That tide has now shifted, thanks to new methods in <\/span><em>paleoproteomics<\/em><span> developed by researchers at the University of Oxford. Their results, published in <\/span><em><span>PLOS ONE<\/span><\/em><span> in May 2025, represent the most expansive protein profile ever recovered from archaeological soft tissue.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201cOnly about 10% of human proteins are expressed in bone,\u201d noted the research team, \u201cwhile more than 75% occur in internal organs. These soft tissues contain a far richer biological signature.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>By unlocking ancient soft tissues, the researchers opened a biochemical window into human life previously out of reach.<\/p>\n<p>The team\u2019s focal sample was SK 17999, an individual excavated from the grounds of the former Blackberry Hill Hospital in Bristol. Built atop a prison and later repurposed as a cholera hospital and workhouse, the site offers a unique historical blend of suffering, resilience, and forgotten lives. Remarkably, this individual\u2019s brain was so well preserved that its sulci and gyri\u2014the folds of the cerebral cortex\u2014remained visible.<\/p>\n<p>Ten subsamples of the brain were subjected to various protein extraction and clean-up protocols. Each method attempted to crack open the tightly coiled world of ancient molecules without destroying them.<\/p>\n<p>One surprising winner? Urea. Yes, the same chemical found in urine.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201cUrea lysis proved the most effective at breaking down preserved membrane structures, releasing a wider range of intracellular proteins, including those from the mitochondria and cytoskeleton,\u201d according to the research findings.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span>This method delivered over <\/span><strong>1,200 unique proteins<\/strong><span>, dwarfing the recovery from more traditional methods used for bones and teeth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ancient proteins survive by folding into compact, stable shapes. Their resilience makes them ideal for tracking both the genetic and lived experience of past populations. And while DNA tells us <\/span><em>what could be<\/em><span>, proteins show <\/span><em>what actually was<\/em><span>\u2014from disease and diet to brain function and possibly even mental health.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Among the findings were:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Cytoskeletal proteins<\/strong><span>, such as tubulins and intermediate filaments, which were significantly enriched.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Myelin proteolipid proteins<\/strong><span>, pointing to possible preservation of brain-specific neurological features.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span>Evidence of <\/span><strong>diagenetic modifications<\/strong><span>, including deamidation and unusual peptide cleavage, which reflect both degradation over time and post-mortem chemical changes.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These protein &#8220;fingerprints&#8221; not only reveal aspects of brain physiology but also how ancient environments affected the chemical stability of soft tissues.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201cThe brain proteome is an order of magnitude more diverse than bone. This method helps capture that complexity,\u201d the researchers wrote.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>This isn\u2019t just a technical achievement. It\u2019s a shift in what\u2019s possible. Soft tissues, once dismissed as too fragile or contaminated for meaningful analysis, now offer a pathway to understanding disease, aging, diet, and social stress in ancient populations.<\/p>\n<p>And because proteins can survive where DNA degrades, especially in acidic or warm environments, they could be pivotal in expanding bioarchaeological studies beyond the narrow corridor of well-preserved mummies or cold-climate remains.<\/p>\n<p>For anthropologists and archaeologists, this means new lines of inquiry:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>What biomarkers of neurological disease can be detected in ancient populations?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Can we use brain proteomics to explore the evolution of cognition or neurodegenerative disorders?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>How did post-mortem preservation differ across time periods, burial contexts, and climates?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>At a deeper level, these studies also touch on memory\u2014both cultural and molecular. Brains are not just sites of thought and identity; in death, they may also preserve traces of societal conditions and lived experiences.<\/p>\n<p>In this way, paleoproteomics becomes more than just an analytical method. It\u2019s a mode of listening\u2014to lives long past, etched not in inscriptions or oral history, but in folded proteins and biochemical scars.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Hendy, J., Warinner, C., et al. (2018).<\/strong><span> Proteomic evidence of dietary sources in prehistoric dental calculus. <\/span><em>Nature Communications<\/em><span>, 9, 3217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-05681-0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Cappellini, E., Welker, F., et al. (2019).<\/strong><span> Ancient biomolecules and evolutionary inference. <\/span><em>Annual Review of Biochemistry<\/em><span>, 88, 653\u2013683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-biochem-013118-111817<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Demarchi, B., Hall, S., et al. (2016).<\/strong><span> Protein sequences bound to mineral surfaces persist into deep time. <\/span><em>eLife<\/em><span>, 5, e17092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.17092<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Jersie-Christensen, R. R., et al. (2018).<\/strong><span> Paleoproteomics of the Cheddar Man: A British Mesolithic male. <\/span><em>Journal of Proteome Research<\/em><span>, 17(3), 1023\u20131032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.7b00847<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Warinner, C., et al. (2015).<\/strong><span> Pathogens and host immunity in the ancient human oral cavity. <\/span><em>Nature Genetics<\/em><span>, 47(4), 336\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3260<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At a forgotten cemetery in Bristol, England, buried under the ruins of a 19th-century workhouse hospital, archaeologists unearthed something rare\u2014human brains. Not mummies. Not bog bodies. Just soft, shriveled, centuries-old brains, unexpectedly intact. What these brains carried wasn&#8217;t just the silent history of anonymous lives but a molecular archive that science has long struggled to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":262801,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[20493,1064,94304,20932,45595],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-262800","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-brains","tag-human","tag-paleoproteomics","tag-preserved","tag-rewriting"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Preserved Human Brains Are Rewriting Paleoproteomics - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=262800\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Preserved Human Brains Are Rewriting Paleoproteomics - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"At a forgotten cemetery in Bristol, England, buried under the ruins of a 19th-century workhouse hospital, archaeologists unearthed something rare\u2014human brains. 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