{"id":259035,"date":"2025-05-27T03:05:45","date_gmt":"2025-05-27T03:05:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/agriculture\/uc-scientists-ask-walnut-trees-when-do-you-need-to-be-irrigated\/"},"modified":"2025-05-27T03:05:45","modified_gmt":"2025-05-27T03:05:45","slug":"uc-scientists-ask-walnut-trees-when-do-you-need-to-be-irrigated","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=259035","title":{"rendered":"UC scientists ask walnut trees: When do you need to be irrigated?"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

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Shackel team uses $1.3-million USDA grant to support grower decisions<\/em><\/h2>\n
Devices called tensiometers are being installed in this walnut orchard in Contra Costa County. The devices will help researchers in the UC Davis Department of Plant Sciences develop more efficient irrigation methods for California\u2019s walnut industry. The buds shown here are male flowers called catkins, which produce pollen. (Kamyar Aram\/UC ANR)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Many farmers take a device like this pressure chamber, or pressure bomb, \u00a0out to their orchards to estimate their trees\u2019 irrigation needs. The bomb measures how hard the tree is pulling to get water from the soil. (Trina Kleist\/UC Davis)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

You\u2019ve seen them alongside country roads all over California\u2019s Central Valley: Walnut trees \u2013 entire orchards \u2013 knocked over, their dirt-covered roots up in the air, shriveling in the sun.<\/p>\n

As the state\u2019s $474-million walnut industry struggles to regain its footing against a host of environmental and economic challenges, University of California scientists are testing a new tool that could help farmers with one of those problems: water.<\/p>\n

Ken Shackel and team, in the UC Davis Department of Plant Sciences, have a new tool to help farmers decide when to irrigate their walnut orchards. Their method saves precious water and keeps the trees, and their roots, healthier.\u00a0It uses a device that is inserted into a tree branch to directly measure how strongly the tree needs to pull to get the water up from the soil. The innovative method measures stem water potential, or SWP. It\u2019s being tested in nine working orchards in the Central Valley, with the help of colleagues in UC Cooperative Extension.<\/p>\n

Early indications suggest the SWP method also could be used profitably in other tree crops and woody perennials, and potentially, in other irrigated crops, Shackel said. By shifting away from the current system of estimating trees\u2019 water needs based on the weather or soil moisture, to a system of measuring the trees directly, farmers could use their increasingly scant water more efficiently and improve the long-term sustainability and profitability of their operations.<\/p>\n

At left is a microtensiometer, manufactured by Davis-based FloraPulse. At the right end of the tube, a microchip inside the metal piece measures a tree\u2019s stem water potential, or SWP \u2013 that is, how strongly the tree needs to pull to get water up from the soil. At right: The end with the microchip is screwed into a spike that is embedded into a walnut tree\u2019s woody branch. SWP is a more direct way to measure a tree\u2019s irrigation needs than conventional measurement systems. (Trina Kleist\/UC Davis)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cIn every case, farmers will be able to reduce their risks and maximize conservation of their irrigation water when they can make decisions based directly on the trees\u2019 level of pull on the water,\u201d said Shackel, a professor<\/a> in the department.<\/p>\n

Despite the challenges faced by California walnut growers, they still produced nearly all of the nation\u2019s walnuts in 2022, according to the California Department of Food and Agriculture<\/a>. With nearly 376,000 acres of orchards still growing in 2023, and requiring about 1.1 million acre-feet of water yearly, according to the California Walnut Board\/Commission<\/a>, farmers need a better way of knowing how much soil moisture they can use before they start to irrigate their orchards.<\/p>\n

The Walnut Board\/Commission supported the early stages of this research.<\/p>\n

The current project by Shackel and team is in its first year of work. It\u2019s funded by the United States Department of Agriculture, through the Natural Resources Conservation Service. The $1.3-million grant supporting the five-year project comes through the NRCS\u2019s On-Farm Trials program to evaluate innovative water management systems. The goal is to help growers be more efficient and effective with dwindling water supplies.<\/p>\n

A little early-season stress makes trees stronger<\/h3>\n

Farmers typically start irrigating early in the season, especially walnuts.\u00a0 The trees stay dormant until early- to mid-April, so when they awake, the weather already can be quite warm. The thinking is that early irrigation helps maintain soil moisture for later use and avoids stressing the trees, said Tyler Dowd, assistant project scientist.<\/p>\n

But previous studies have shown that \u00a0irrigating too early can harm tree health. Scientists think early irrigation could impact the roots, leading to symptoms of nutritional deficiencies seen in the leaves later in the season, particularly at harvest, Shackle explained.<\/p>\n

Rather than saving water, Shackel said, \u201cresearch suggests that delaying irrigation in the spring allows for better root development. Delayed trees are actually less water-stressed later in the season, when irrigation is temporarily discontinued for harvest.\u201d<\/p>\n

These sections of walnut tree branchlets have been split open, revealing the dry pith in their center. When microtensiometers are inserted into the branches, the tree does not ooze fluid in response. That’s in contrast to what happens when the devices are inserted into the tree’s trunk, preventing them from measuring stem water potential, or SWP. (Trina Kleist\/UC Davis)\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

To help them decide when to irrigate, some walnut farmers already use devices called pressure chambers, or pressure bombs, to measure when trees are stressed for water. By taking the pressure bomb out to their orchard and putting a leaf into it, a farmer can measure how strongly a tree is pulling on water, which is a way of understanding water stress, Dowd explained. This pull results from the process of evapotranspiration \u2013 the combined loss of water from the soil by evaporation and from the plants themselves through the leaves (transpiration). Other methods farmers commonly use to schedule irrigation include following evapotranspiration charts that estimate water loss over time for broad geographic areas.<\/p>\n

For their project, Shackel and team want to delay irrigation early in the season and use the pressure bombs to watch for a little bit of \u201cgood\u201d stress before turning on the water. \u201cThis lets the trees tell us when they need water,\u201d Dowd explained.<\/p>\n

SWP: Using precision sensors in a new way<\/h3>\n

In contrast to most commonly used ways of timing irrigation, Shackel\u2019s previous research also has shown that monitoring stem water potential \u2013 a technique that gives information in real time \u2013 can reduce irrigation by as much as half in walnuts, while maintaining or even improving tree health.<\/p>\n

To measure SWP, the team is coupling information from the pressure bombs with readings from a little electronic device called a microtensiometer. They insert the device permanently into a tree branch, and it directly measures the tree\u2019s pull on water. Throughout the day, each microtensiometer transmits readings electronically to a receiver, which Dowd monitors from his desk.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s much more convenient than pressure bombs, which require farmers to head out into each orchard and take measurements,\u201d Dowd explained. \u201cWe can see what the trees are experiencing in real time, several times a day, rather than the \u2018snapshot\u2019 method of using a pressure bomb.\u201d<\/p>\n

Shackel has been working with FloraPulse, a company based in Davis, to develop the microtensiometers being used in these trials. The company already has been using the sensors in crops including grapevines, almonds, apples and other fruit trees, inserting the devices into the main stem. But that doesn\u2019t work in walnuts, because the tree trunks ooze fluid that prevents measurement, FloraPulse CEO Michael Santiago explained.<\/p>\n

\u201cKen came up with the idea of installing the sensor into the ‘dead’ pith in the center of a branch to avoid the wounding response and measure stem water potential,\u201d Santiago said. \u201cPreliminary testing and improvements during 2024 showed that this strategy is viable, though tricky.\u201d<\/p>\n

The scientists expect that, when farmers use this highly accurate and localized method for measuring SWP, they can base their irrigation decisions on actual plant stress rather than estimated water use, Dowd added.<\/p>\n

As spring awakens plants from winter dormancy, the first buds of new growth can be seen on walnut trees in this orchard in Contra Costa County, California. (Kamyar Aram\/UC ANR)\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Overcoming barriers to adoption<\/h3>\n

Using the microtensiometers to measure stem water potential is a more practical approach to using irrigation water more efficiently and improving the sustainability of a walnut operation. But, new practices always face some skepticism.<\/p>\n

The Natural Resources Conservation Service plans to use the results of On-Farm Trials evaluations such as this one to refine guidance documents, technical tools, conservation practice standards and business practices for growers across the nation.<\/p>\n

That knowledge could save growers enormous costs if they can keep their already established walnut orchards in the ground. In California, from October 2022 to August 2023, nearly 29,000 acres of walnut trees were bulldozed, according to a study by the California Walnut Board<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Shackel team uses $1.3-million USDA grant to support grower decisions Devices called tensiometers are being installed in this walnut orchard in Contra Costa County. The devices will help researchers in the UC Davis Department of Plant Sciences develop more efficient irrigation methods for California\u2019s walnut industry. The buds shown here are male flowers called catkins, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":259036,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12026],"tags":[93320,12961,12668,6064],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-259035","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agriculture","tag-irrigated","tag-scientists","tag-trees","tag-walnut"],"yoast_head":"\nUC scientists ask walnut trees: When do you need to be irrigated? - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=259035\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"UC scientists ask walnut trees: When do you need to be irrigated? - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Shackel team uses $1.3-million USDA grant to support grower decisions Devices called tensiometers are being installed in this walnut orchard in Contra Costa County. 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