{"id":245848,"date":"2025-05-18T17:41:13","date_gmt":"2025-05-18T17:41:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/burial-belief-and-crossroads-in-prehistoric-tangier\/"},"modified":"2025-05-18T17:41:13","modified_gmt":"2025-05-18T17:41:13","slug":"burial-belief-and-crossroads-in-prehistoric-tangier","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=245848","title":{"rendered":"Burial, Belief, and Crossroads in Prehistoric Tangier"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<p>he Tangier Peninsula sits at a geologic and cultural hinge. On maps, it&#8217;s a narrow wedge of land pressing into the Strait of Gibraltar, with Europe just a short ferry ride to the north. But from 3000 to 500 BCE, this peninsula was more than a waystation. It was a ritual landscape shaped by the living and the dead.<\/p>\n<p><span>Recent archaeological work<\/span><span>\u2014led by Hamza Benattia, Jorge Onrubia-Pintado, and Youssef Bokbot\u2014has brought the peninsula&#8217;s past into sharper focus. Their excavations and GIS analysis reveal a once-thriving landscape of cemeteries, painted rock shelters, and standing stones, challenging long-standing assumptions about North Africa&#8217;s role in the prehistoric Mediterranean.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg\" data-component-name=\"Image2ToDOM\" rel=\"\" class=\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"image2-inset\"><picture><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg 1456w\" sizes=\"100vw\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg\" width=\"881\" height=\"603\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:603,&quot;width&quot;:881,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:197303,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.anthropology.net\/i\/163849607?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null}\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2c2cb936-be61-4570-ace6-e10b74b99a9d_881x603.jpeg 1456w\" sizes=\"100vw\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"sizing-normal\"\/><\/picture><\/div>\n<p><\/a><figcaption class=\"image-caption\"><span>Images of the newly discovered cist cemeteries and tumuli. (a) Daroua Zaydan; (b) Oulad Zin. Credit: Hamza Benattia; <\/span><em>African Archaeological Review<\/em><span> (2025). DOI: 10.1007\/s10437-025-09621-z<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Between the third and first millennia BCE, the Tangier Peninsula hosted a surprising diversity of burial practices: pit graves, hypogea, tumuli, and stone-lined cists. These were not isolated phenomena. Instead, they were part of a broader network of symbolic and territorial practices, often concentrated at high points near ancient routes.<\/p>\n<p>One of the most striking findings comes from Daroua Zaydan. Here, a single cist burial\u2014constructed from upright slabs capped with a heavy stone\u2014was radiocarbon dated to ca. 2000 BCE. It is the first such date for a cist in northwestern Africa. The grave was found on a modest hill near a long-silted bay, alongside scattered bones and flint flakes. Though modest, this tomb signals a milestone for regional chronology.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;This marks the first radiocarbon dated cist burial in northwestern Africa,&#8221; write the authors. &#8220;It provides a terminus post quem for a burial tradition often assumed to be older but previously undated.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Cist burials, like the one at Daroua Zaydan, were not unique to Morocco. Similar tombs exist across the Iberian Peninsula, often grouped into cemeteries on hilltops or beside ancient roads. But in Tangier, they take on local signatures. Some contain ochre, tortoiseshell, or copper awls. Others are empty, perhaps cenotaphs, echoing Iberian precedents.<\/p>\n<p>Hypogea\u2014rock-cut tombs\u2014appear in the early first millennium BCE. These subterranean chambers, often reused across generations, reflect Mediterranean influences, likely tied to Phoenician contact. Yet they appear alongside older traditions, suggesting a layered ritual continuity rather than abrupt replacement.<\/p>\n<p>And then there are the tumuli: stone mounds sometimes topped by megaliths. Some are solitary; others cluster into hilltop cemeteries. At Mzoura, 176 standing stones form a massive circle around a central mound, reaching five meters in height. The site, though only partially excavated, hints at ceremonial functions tied to memory, territory, and perhaps kingship.<\/p>\n<p>The ritual landscape of Tangier was not limited to burial. Painted rock shelters\u2014some featuring dots, grids, and anthropomorphic forms\u2014dot the peninsula. At sites like Magara Sanar, red and white pigments were used to create compositions whose meanings remain opaque but whose placement suggests spiritual or communal significance.<\/p>\n<p>Standing stones appear near routes and crossroads, as at Oued Ksiar, where cist cemeteries crown several hills. Their orientation and location suggest not just boundary markers, but places where paths, people, and stories converged.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;These were not isolated shrines,&#8221; the authors note, &#8220;but integral components of a larger ritualized terrain.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>What emerges from this research is a vivid, deeply textured image of late prehistoric life in northwestern Africa. Long dismissed in favor of Roman ruins or Nilotic splendor, the Tangier Peninsula turns out to be a key locus of cultural interaction. Its cemeteries and rock art show echoes of both Saharan and Iberian styles. Its burial practices shift slowly over time, absorbing new elements while maintaining older forms.<\/p>\n<p>The authors suggest that this mosaic of traditions reflects not fragmentation but connectivity. The peninsula, after all, was not a periphery but a junction\u2014linking sea and land, Africa and Europe, desert and forest.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;The funerary and symbolic landscapes of Tangier demonstrate a persistent and evolving dialogue between local traditions and trans-regional networks,&#8221; they conclude.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>And so the stones speak\u2014not just of death, but of belonging, identity, and deep time. Beneath the hills and in the hollows of painted caves, the ancestors of Tangier left more than bones. They left a record of how they saw the world.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><span>Gonz\u00e1lez-Toraya, L., et al. (2010). <\/span><em>La necr\u00f3polis de Loma del Puerco (Chiclana de la Frontera, C\u00e1diz): nuevas perspectivas para el estudio del Bronce Final en el Suroeste peninsular<\/em><span>. <\/span><em>Mainake, 32<\/em><span>, 231\u2013276.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span>Lillios, K. T. (2015). <\/span><em>The Archaeology of the Iberian Peninsula: From the Paleolithic to the Bronze Age<\/em><span>. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781139023815<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span>Broodbank, C., &amp; Lucarini, G. (2019). <\/span><em>The dynamics of Mediterranean Africa, ca. 9600\u2013700 BC: An interpretive synthesis of knowns and unknowns<\/em><span>. <\/span><em>Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 32<\/em><span>(2), 129\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1558\/jmea.40187<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><span>Benattia, H., Onrubia-Pintado, J., &amp; Bokbot, Y. (2025). <\/span><em>Cemeteries, rock art and other ritual monuments of the Tangier Peninsula, northwestern Africa, in wider trans-regional perspective (c. 3000\u2013500 BC)<\/em><span>. <\/span><em>African Archaeological Review<\/em><span>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10437-025-09621-z<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>he Tangier Peninsula sits at a geologic and cultural hinge. On maps, it&#8217;s a narrow wedge of land pressing into the Strait of Gibraltar, with Europe just a short ferry ride to the north. But from 3000 to 500 BCE, this peninsula was more than a waystation. It was a ritual landscape shaped by the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":245849,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[18864,21586,27012,39039,89339],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-245848","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-belief","tag-burial","tag-crossroads","tag-prehistoric","tag-tangier"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Burial, Belief, and Crossroads in Prehistoric Tangier - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=245848\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Burial, Belief, and Crossroads in Prehistoric Tangier - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"he Tangier Peninsula sits at a geologic and cultural hinge. On maps, it&#8217;s a narrow wedge of land pressing into the Strait of Gibraltar, with Europe just a short ferry ride to the north. But from 3000 to 500 BCE, this peninsula was more than a waystation. 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