{"id":197791,"date":"2025-04-22T02:18:10","date_gmt":"2025-04-22T02:18:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/agriculture\/how-farmers-are-fighting-it\/"},"modified":"2025-04-22T02:18:10","modified_gmt":"2025-04-22T02:18:10","slug":"how-farmers-are-fighting-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=197791","title":{"rendered":"How Farmers Are Fighting It"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.295;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 8pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: bold;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Want to republish a Modern Farmer story?<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.295;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 8pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">We are happy for Modern Farmer stories to be shared, and encourage you to republish our articles for your audience. 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This means that you cannot actively publish or submit our work for syndication to third party platforms or apps like Apple News or Google News. We understand that publishers cannot fully control when certain third parties automatically summarize or crawl content from publishers\u2019 own sites.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&#13;\n<\/li>\n<p>&#13;\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.295;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 8pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial;color: #303030;background-color: #ffffff;font-weight: bold;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Keep in touch\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;vertical-align: baseline\">We want to hear from you if you love Modern Farmer content, have a collaboration idea, or anything else to share. As a nonprofit outlet, we work in service of our community and are always open to comments, feedback, and ideas. Contact us at <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;font-family: Arial;color: #000000;vertical-align: baseline\"><a href=\"https:\/\/modernfarmer.com\/cdn-cgi\/l\/email-protection\" class=\"__cf_email__\" data-cfemail=\"b7d2d3dec3d8c5f7dad8d3d1d6c5dad2c599d4d8da\">[email\u00a0protected]<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p class=\"byline\">by Sarah Jay, Modern Farmer <br \/>April 21, 2025<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"republication-tracker-tool-shareable-content\">\n<p class=\"&quot;byline&quot;\">by Sarah Jay, Modern Farmer <br \/>April 21, 2025<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <strong>European corn borer<\/strong> is one of the most prevalent pests across the world. It feeds on multiple species of plants, with corn being the most prominent. Today, this pest is making its way back into larger numbers in North America, and farmers are working hard to adapt control strategies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Back in the 90s, farmers lost billions to the European corn borer (ECB), then deemed the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/crops.extension.iastate.edu\/cropnews\/2024\/05\/blast-past-european-corn-borer-back-radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">billion-dollar bug<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. At the time, scientific advances led to the development of <strong>hybrid corn species<\/strong> inoculated with the bacterium <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bacillus thuringiensis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (Bt). This suppressed the borer populations and effectively wiped them out.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But today,<strong> the bug is back<\/strong>. It\u2019s been making its way through North America, starting in Canada. Farmers have to adapt quickly to control its spread. Here\u2019s how they\u2019re battling the billion-dollar bug.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The History<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <strong>European corn borer<\/strong> life cycle begins when the adult form of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ostrinia nubilalis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (a moth) <strong>lays small egg masses<\/strong> on the leaves of its favored crop and the stems of nearby weeds. Larvae hatch and bore into the stem of the plant they\u2019re laid on, and overwinter.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As spring arrives, they <strong>emerge as adult moths<\/strong>, ready to carry on a new generation. Depending on the species, there may be one to three generations per year, and up to 400 eggs laid within a ten day period.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This pest has been present in North America since the early 1900s. It\u2019s believed to have originated in Western Asia and Europe, but this isn\u2019t confirmed. The larvae\u2019s propensity to <strong>feed on tassels and kernels<\/strong>, as well as the ear shank, is what makes it so damaging. In the process, the crop is rendered unconsumable.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Solution<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To combat the voracious larvae, initial methods of control involved cultural practices. Overwintering borers are generally destroyed when <strong>corn is harvested for silage<\/strong>. In areas where topsoil preservation isn\u2019t as important, stalk-shredding and <strong>deep moldboard plowing are effective controls<\/strong>. Pesticides were also used to eliminate moths and larvae.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, timing the pesticide appropriately across the massive scale of many farms was almost impossible. In response, agricultural scientists developed the first strains of <strong>Bt corn<\/strong>. These <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/entomology.ca.uky.edu\/ef130\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">genetically modified strains<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> made it so <strong>larvae that fed on the corn died in the process<\/strong>. And up until recently, this was considered the most effective treatment.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bt strains work through the <strong>production of bacterial spores<\/strong>. Larvae feed on the spores, which contain a protein that ruptures their stomachs and kills them. These genetically engineered strains made it so the bacteria were present throughout the plant\u2019s life cycle, as opposed to intermittently as with pesticides.\u00a0 With promising results, these strains became widely available in 1996.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">New Developments<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This changed in 2018 when the borer\u2019s resurgence was first discovered in Nova Scotia in 2018. Farmers noticed a resistance to Cry1F Bt corn \u2013 <strong>the best treatment for ECB<\/strong>. Subsequent discoveries of resistances to Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 sweet corn were identified in 2023 in Connecticut, as well as in Manitoba and Quebec. Due to the ability of moths to migrate long distances, this was a concerning turn of events.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A renewed front for effective control relies on farmer scouting and reporting to local extension offices in all states where corn is a primary agricultural crop. This gives entomologists and agricultural scientists an idea of where the pest is most prevalent and <strong>assists with future prevention and control<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The next step is for farmers to <strong>choose the right hybrids<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26470183\/\">Pyramided Bt corn<\/a> is the most effective at eliminating ECB. These types contain multiple (two or more) Bt genetic traits that occur in the plant aboveground. Stacked genetics, on the other hand, include at least one trait aboveground and one below \u2013 usually meant to control both ECB and earworms that feed on roots.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Therefore, reliance on the development of new hybrids increases. These new strains will ideally contain stacked and pyramid traits. The sticking point is ensuring that strains are easy to identify in catalogs. Proper communication to farmers is currently being implemented in the form of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/crops.extension.iastate.edu\/files\/inline-files\/2015%2520BtTrait%2520Table.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">digital and hard copy trait tables<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that explain the <strong>differences and uses of seeds with varying Bt traits<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Future<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Current <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-04609-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">studies are underway<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> focusing on <strong>genome sequences of the ECB<\/strong>. These studies aim to investigate host plant adaptation, Bt resistance, and ECB behavior that will illuminate further strategies for control in North America and abroad.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Continuing cultural controls is important for farms too. This ensures that the safe harbor for this destructive pest is limited. Another useful method of control is <strong>having at least 20% of the field planted with non-Bt strains<\/strong>. This makes it so the genetics of unsusceptible borers can mate with those with susceptible genetics, increasing overall susceptibility in a wider genetic pool. Also known as refuge planting, this meets integrated resistance management standards that set the tone for other farms.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"mfo-wysiwyg-custom-cta growing-corn-in-the-desert-no-irrigation-required\">\n<div class=\"mfo-wysiwyg-custom-cta-flex\">\n<p><a class=\"full\" title=\"Growing Corn in the Desert, No Irrigation Required\" href=\"https:\/\/modernfarmer.com\/2025\/01\/growing-corn-in-the-desert-no-irrigation-required\/\">full_link<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"flex\">\n<p class=\"title mfo-wysiwyg-custom-cta-title h1\">Growing Corn in the Desert, No Irrigation Required<\/p>\n<div class=\"description\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #122108;font-family: Inter, sans-serif;font-size: 18px;background-color: #fdfff7\">The surreal sight of squash, melons and corn sprouting from the sandy ground reflects an ancient farming technique that\u2019s newly relevant.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>This &lt;a target=&#8221;_blank&#8221; href=&#8221;https:\/\/modernfarmer.com\/2025\/04\/agricultural-pest-back\/&#8221;&gt;article&lt;\/a&gt; first appeared on &lt;a target=&#8221;_blank&#8221; href=&#8221;https:\/\/modernfarmer.com&#8221;&gt;Modern Farmer&lt;\/a&gt; and is republished here under a &lt;a target=&#8221;_blank&#8221; href=&#8221;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/&#8221;&gt;Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;img src=&#8221;https:\/\/modernfarmer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/cropped-favicon-1-150&#215;150.png&#8221; style=&#8221;width:1em;height:1em;margin-left:10px;&#8221;&gt;&lt;img id=&#8221;republication-tracker-tool-source&#8221; src=&#8221;https:\/\/modernfarmer.com\/?republication-pixel=true&amp;post=167325&#8243; style=&#8221;width:1px;height:1px;&#8221;&gt;<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Want to republish a Modern Farmer story? We are happy for Modern Farmer stories to be shared, and encourage you to republish our articles for your audience. When doing so, we ask that you follow these guidelines: Please credit us and our writers For the author byline, please use \u201cAuthor Name, Modern Farmer.\u201d At the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":197792,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12026],"tags":[15919,19395],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-197791","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agriculture","tag-farmers","tag-fighting"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Farmers Are Fighting It - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=197791\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Farmers Are Fighting It - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Want to republish a Modern Farmer story? 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