{"id":188090,"date":"2025-04-16T13:59:23","date_gmt":"2025-04-16T13:59:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/anthropology\/how-ancient-land-use-split-societies\/"},"modified":"2025-04-16T13:59:23","modified_gmt":"2025-04-16T13:59:23","slug":"how-ancient-land-use-split-societies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=188090","title":{"rendered":"How Ancient Land Use Split Societies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<p>For at least 10,000 years, humans have worked the land to feed families, build communities, and form civilizations. But the way those lands were used\u2014how they were divided, worked, and governed\u2014did more than sustain life. It shaped who got rich, who stayed poor, and how power was passed on across generations.<\/p>\n<p><span>A new study published in <\/span><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em><span> offers<\/span><span> one of the most detailed archaeological analyses to date of the roots of economic inequality. The researchers combed through the physical traces left behind by ancient households\u201447,000 of them, to be precise\u2014spanning over 1,700 sites across the globe. The question: When did wealth begin to pool in the hands of a few, and why?<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>&#8220;Wealth inequality wasn\u2019t simply the result of agriculture, or even population growth,&#8221;<\/strong><span> said Amy Bogaard, an archaeologist at the University of Oxford who co-led the study.<\/span><br \/><strong>&#8220;It crystallized when land itself became scarce\u2014and a select few managed to monopolize it.&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>This study complicates the long-standing idea that inequality is a modern invention. It also dismantles the romanticized view of ancient societies as inherently egalitarian. Rather, inequality emerged when ecological limits met social opportunity\u2014and when land, once abundant, became a battleground of resource control.<\/p>\n<p>Wealth, in the deep past, wasn\u2019t stored in bank accounts. It was baked into the size of homes, the volume of grain bins, and the acres one could farm or irrigate.<\/p>\n<p>The team, including experts from 27 institutions worldwide, used house sizes as a proxy for household wealth. The logic: bigger homes meant greater storage, labor access, and control over land. When that gap between big and small grew wide, so too did inequality.<\/p>\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg\" data-component-name=\"Image2ToDOM\" rel=\"\" class=\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"image2-inset\"><picture><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg 1456w\" sizes=\"100vw\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg\" width=\"1280\" height=\"613\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:613,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:265826,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.anthropology.net\/i\/161460032?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null}\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ba7bbbb-1a3f-4210-b309-3dfcde03fd39_1280x613.jpeg 1456w\" sizes=\"100vw\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"sizing-normal\"\/><\/picture><\/div>\n<p><\/a><figcaption class=\"image-caption\">This view of the Bronze Age &#8216;Minoan&#8217; palace at Knossos, Crete, shows the c. 1-hectare palatial complex in its modern landscape, surrounded by cultivation plots in the Kairatos river valley. In its heyday, the palace was the focus of an agricultural territory that extended across central Crete. Expansive farming was sponsored by the palace through loans of plough oxen to share-croppers, documented in Linear B texts. Ancient housing preserved at Bronze Age Knossos demonstrates that this land-hungry farming system sustained high wealth inequality among households. Credit: Gerald Cadogan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>One major pattern stood out: land-hungry farming\u2014especially systems involving animal-powered plows\u2014tended to generate steep economic divides. Those who could afford the oxen or manage irrigation systems had an edge. Over time, their advantage became institutionalized.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u201cAnimal traction was transformative,\u201d<\/strong><span> said Shadreck Chirikure of the University of Oxford.<\/span><br \/><strong>\u201cBut it also meant that wealth, once embedded in community networks, could be concentrated into fewer hands.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>These land-intensive strategies didn\u2019t always begin with inequality in mind. Terracing, irrigation, and plowing were often communal ventures. But as scarcity grew\u2014due to environmental constraints or population pressures\u2014cooperation gave way to competition. The tools of survival became the engines of hierarchy.<\/p>\n<p>The story isn\u2019t one of inevitability. While many societies tipped toward inequality, others resisted.<\/p>\n<p><span>Places like <\/span><em>Teotihuacan<\/em><span> in central Mexico or <\/span><em>Mohenjo-daro<\/em><span> in the Indus Valley developed complex urban systems without allowing wealth to cluster in elite hands. Despite their size, archaeological evidence suggests relatively even distribution of house sizes and public investment in civic infrastructure.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>&#8220;We found that governance mattered,&#8221;<\/strong><span> noted archaeologist Helena Hamerow.<\/span><br \/><strong>\u201cSocieties that invested in collective structures often buffered against runaway inequality\u2014even when farming systems intensified.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Such examples challenge the idea that inequality is a necessary price of complexity. Instead, they suggest that choices\u2014about land tenure, cooperation, and redistribution\u2014shaped whether wealth stayed shared or slipped into silos.<\/p>\n<p>Wealth inequality today often feels like a product of modern capitalism. But its foundations were laid millennia ago, in decisions about how to plow a field or allocate water.<\/p>\n<p>That long view matters. As modern societies wrestle with questions of fairness and sustainability, the archaeological record offers a sobering perspective. Inequality, once embedded, can endure for generations. But it isn\u2019t a given.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u201cStudying ancient land use systems offers more than historical curiosity,\u201d<\/strong><span> said Bogaard.<\/span><br \/><strong>\u201cIt gives us a mirror\u2014one that shows where competition can run unchecked, and where governance has softened its edge.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>From Bronze Age villages to early cities, the roots of inequality can be traced in stone foundations and soil layers. And as this study shows, those roots grew differently across the world\u2014depending not just on environment, but on the social imagination of what a fair society could be.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Kohler, T. A., Smith, M. E., Bogaard, A., Feinman, G. M., Peterson, C. E., Betzenhauser, A., &#8230; &amp; Ortman, S. G. (2017).<\/strong><br \/><span>&#8220;Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica.&#8221;<\/span><br \/><em>Nature<\/em><span>, 551(7682), 619\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature24646<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Smith, M. E., &amp; Chirikure, S. (2021).<\/strong><br \/><span>&#8220;Wealth Inequality in Ancient Societies: Cross-cultural Patterns and Implications for the Present.&#8221;<\/span><br \/><em>Journal of Archaeological Research<\/em><span>, 29, 371\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10814-020-09153-5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Bowles, S., &amp; Choi, J. K. (2013).<\/strong><br \/><span>&#8220;Coevolution of farming and private property during the early Holocene.&#8221;<\/span><br \/><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em><span>, 110(22), 8830\u20138835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1212149110<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Flannery, K. V., &amp; Marcus, J. (2012).<\/strong><br \/><em>The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire.<\/em><br \/><span>Harvard University Press. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hup.harvard.edu\/catalog.php?isbn=9780674416772\" rel=\"\">Link<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Feinman, G. M., &amp; Carballo, D. M. (2018).<\/strong><br \/><span>&#8220;The Role of Collective Action in the Evolution of Pre-Modern States.&#8221;<\/span><br \/><em>Human Nature<\/em><span>, 29(3), 203\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12110-018-9314-4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For at least 10,000 years, humans have worked the land to feed families, build communities, and form civilizations. But the way those lands were used\u2014how they were divided, worked, and governed\u2014did more than sustain life. It shaped who got rich, who stayed poor, and how power was passed on across generations. A new study published [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":188091,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11767],"tags":[12656,4132,20719,1891],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-188090","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-ancient","tag-land","tag-societies","tag-split"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Ancient Land Use Split Societies - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=188090\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Ancient Land Use Split Societies - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"For at least 10,000 years, humans have worked the land to feed families, build communities, and form civilizations. 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But the way those lands were used\u2014how they were divided, worked, and governed\u2014did more than sustain life. It shaped who got rich, who stayed poor, and how power was passed on across generations. 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