{"id":123378,"date":"2025-03-10T03:07:57","date_gmt":"2025-03-10T03:07:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/business\/investing\/another-victim-of-bad-maths\/"},"modified":"2025-03-10T03:07:57","modified_gmt":"2025-03-10T03:07:57","slug":"another-victim-of-bad-maths","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378","title":{"rendered":"Another Victim of Bad Maths?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<br \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.wixstatic.com\/media\/351877_63b5ac77276d432b8bc87220fbfce37c~mv2.jpg\/v1\/fit\/w_1000,h_959,al_c,q_80\/file.png\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-8db8g\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>If you enjoy reading this blog, please leave a star rating on <\/span><\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/wealthtender.com\/blogs\/chimp-investor\/#review\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"_5aTAl -WazC\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>WealthTender<\/span><\/em><\/a><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>. Thank you!<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><h3 class=\"EVgik A7Z55 Jw0Gq IQCYp\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-1qp4n\"><span class=\"GTUlG\"><span>Criminologist Prof David Wilson writes on Suspected Miscarriage of Justice Case Colin Norris<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/p>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-40t8a\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span>As readers of my blogs and articles may know, I have an interest in miscarriages of justice, particularly those that result from poor use of statistics and probability (this is the link with investing). I was therefore interested to see renowned criminologist Prof David Wilson <\/span><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.heraldscotland.com\/opinion\/23185864.red-flag-wary-hunting-killer-nurse\/\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"_5aTAl -WazC\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><span>writing in the Scottish Herald this week<\/span><\/a><span> about Colin Norris, the nurse who was convicted in 2008 of killing four of his elderly patients by injecting them with insulin. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-7acge\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span>Prof Wilson appears to have always had doubts about the soundness of Norris&#8217; conviction (as have many others, including me). Thankfully, the Criminal Cases Review Commission decided to refer the case in February 2021 to the Court of Appeal (the appeal is yet to be heard).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq VIC1N\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-fpab6\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>Caregivers who have either been wrongly accused or convicted, or where there is for good scientific\/statistical reason for suspicion of such, include Lucia de Berk, Daniela Poggiali, Jane Bolding, Sally Clark, Susan Nelles, Ben Geen, and Collin Norris. If it turns out there is no direct evidence against Lucy Letby, let&#8217;s hope her name doesn&#8217;t join the list.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-d1e82\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span>It was therefore particularly interesting, given that Letby&#8217;s case is ongoing, to read Prof Wilson&#8217;s opening paragraph:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq VIC1N\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-rcn\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span style=\"color:#333333;text-decoration:inherit\"><span>IT&#8217;S been hard to avoid discussing nurses over the last few weeks \u2013 quite apart from the fact that our daughter, who like many &#8220;twentysomethings&#8221; is still living at home, always wants to talk about her work as a nurse when she finishes her shift as a way of unwinding.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-91g66\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span style=\"color:#333333;text-decoration:inherit\"><span>Although Prof Wilson does not mention Letby by name, her case may be what he is referring to when he writes, &#8220;It&#8217;s been hard to avoid discussing nurses over the last few weeks&#8221; (it may of course also\/instead be a reference to the recently released film <\/span><\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span style=\"color:#333333;text-decoration:inherit\"><span>The Good Nurse<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color:#333333;text-decoration:inherit\"><span> about killer nurse Charles Cullen and\/or to the industrial action by the nurses&#8217; union in last few days). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-deil0\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span style=\"color:#333333;text-decoration:inherit\"><span>Regardless, I have been following the Letby trial quite closely and thus far no direct evidence against her has been presented. Moreover, the prosecution has presented as evidence a number of Letby&#8217;s text messages to and conversations with colleagues as well as her internet search history (she searched on Facebook for parents of babies she is accused of murdering or attempting to murder) which it suggests are incriminating. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-fldf9\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span style=\"color:#333333;text-decoration:inherit\"><span>I do not know what is like to be a nurse in a neonatal unit where the death of premature babies is a not uncommon occurrence, but I imagine it can sometimes be very upsetting. It certainly seems plausible to me that, once their shifts have ended, nurses in such situations would do things to help them come to terms with traumatic events. Examples might include texting or saying certain things to each other, perhaps using gallows humour, or feeling the need to seek some sort of connection with parents, albeit a passive one, via internet searches, or going dancing. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-447km\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span style=\"color:#333333;text-decoration:inherit\"><span>In other words, such behaviour would not be incriminating at all, but what Prof Wilson refers to when he writes about his daughter always wanting &#8220;to talk about her work as a nurse when she finishes her shift as a way of unwinding&#8221;. Indeed, I suspect this is a veiled reference to Letby&#8217;s post-shift behaviour and the prosecution&#8217;s insinuation that it was something other than completely innocent &#8216;unwinding&#8217;.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-91q8k\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span style=\"color:#333333;text-decoration:inherit\"><span>Thus, despite the case being <\/span><\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span style=\"color:#333333;text-decoration:inherit\"><span>sub judice<\/span><\/span><\/em><span style=\"color:#333333;text-decoration:inherit\"><span>, it would appear that Prof Wilson is hinting that he thinks that jurors may be assessing the evidence of Letby&#8217;s post-shift comments and actions under a presumption of guilt not innocence. A different perspective changes everything.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-815a6\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span style=\"color:#333333;text-decoration:inherit\"><span>Prof Wilson and his colleague Prof <\/span><\/span><span>Elizabeth Yardley conducted research in 2014 on &#8220;the very small group of nurses who abuse their position of trust and kill their patients&#8221;. He writes: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq VIC1N\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-7maji\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>Why did nurses behave in this way, and what could hospital administrators and law enforcement do to ensure that this rare type of killer did not become more common? What \u201cred flags\u201d, as we called them, about the nurse or about their work performance give cause for concern, and how many of these red flags needed to be present before action would have to be taken?<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq VIC1N\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-26s2o\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>Our research was based on a sample of nurses who had been convicted of murdering their patients in Europe and North America, and we used a 22-point checklist of personality traits and work behaviours that were associated with that sample. We then discovered how a median of six of these 22 points tended to cluster in the backgrounds of more than half of our sample. This cluster of red flags were higher incidences of death on his\/her shift; has a history of mental instability and\/or depression; makes colleagues anxious; moves from one hospital to another on a regular basis; is found to be in possession of drugs (both legal and illegal) at home\/in their work locker; and, appears to have a personality disorder.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq VIC1N\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-a6bba\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>The most prevalent red flag that we identified was to have had higher incidences of death on his\/her shift. In other words, where there were a number of deaths over a specified time period that exceeded those that were expected when compared to the usual number of deaths for that ward or the hospital, and shift patterns were then used to determine a suspect. Attendance data revealed the presence or absence of particular members of staff during, or around the time of these unusual death rates.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq VIC1N\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-664lv\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>However, and this was the important finding, we discovered that there was an uneasy fit between scientific and legal principles in this context, as attendance data didn\u2019t actually establish guilt on the basis of the \u201csimilar fact\u201d principle of evidence where there needed to be a direct association between specific actions and specific events.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq VIC1N\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-eao2\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>So, we discovered that what might appear sound and convincing from a policing point of view had great deficiencies when employed as evidence in court, and there were practical consequences as a result. Attendance data had been used to convict, for example, the Dutch nurse Lucia de Berk of killing seven of her patients in 2003, although she was acquitted seven years later when it was accepted that attendance data alone could not prove her guilt.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq VIC1N\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-92fa0\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>As a result, our research suggested that having just this one red flag should never be used as a basis for conviction, as a higher than average number of deaths over a given period of time may have various explanations \u2013 of which an active serial killer is only one \u2013 and therefore could in our view only be used as a basis to convict when found in combination with other red flags.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-dk427\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span>As I wrote in my October piece, the probability that a ward <\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>somewhere<\/span><\/em><span> in the UK is going to have a well-above-average number (a cluster) of unexplained deaths during, say, a 20 year period <\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>by pure chance<\/span><\/em><span> is very high, very possibly odds on. On the other hand, the probability of <\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>a particular ward<\/span><\/em><span> experiencing such is very low, one in tens or hundreds of thousands. Think about The National Lottery. You are never surprised to hear that <\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>someone<\/span><\/em><span> has won it, but you would be if that someone was you. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-alu31\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span>In the face of an elevated number of unexplained deaths, the hospital authority in question will often find it hard to accept that it was just incredibly unlucky, and thus search for an explanation. Furthermore, it might prefer a sinister explanation (murder) to one that implicates the hospital (poor management).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-fdrgd\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span>Once a hospital authority has convinced itself that a killer is in its midsts, and that the killer is probably a nurse (it couldn&#8217;t possibly one of those nice and competent doctors, and anyway we might need them later to support us) the next step is to analyse nurse roster data. There is a 100% probability that the roster data of one of the nurses will match <\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>most<\/span><\/em><span> closely with the pattern of unexplained deaths. It doesn&#8217;t matter if the match is not a close one. It&#8217;s the clos<\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>est<\/span><\/em><span>. And therefore the nurse with the closest fitting roster data <\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>must<\/span><\/em><span> be the killer. As for the unexplained deaths that did <\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>not<\/span><\/em><span> happen on said nurse&#8217;s shifts &#8211; there will always be some &#8211; they are simply ignored. We have our man, after all.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-cgpq5\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span>What then follows is a frantic hunt for evidence against the suspect (in addition to that of the roster data). Suddenly, comments and actions that would previously have been considered completely innocent are seen in a suspicious light. Those with a grudge against the nurse might lie. Memories might get gradually distorted, pressure put on staff. And, before you know it, there is a large body of circumstantial evidence against the accused (miscarriages of justice do not tend to happen where there is direct evidence, as was the case with Harold Shipman and his tampering with his victims&#8217; wills).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq VIC1N\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-4h50c\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>This nursing preamble leads me inexorably to Colin Norris. Born in Glasgow, and trained in Dundee, Norris was convicted in 2008 of killing four of his elderly patients by injecting them with insulin in Leeds, where he worked as a nurse at St James\u2019s University Hospital and Leeds General Infirmary. It was claimed that Norris hated elderly, female patients and that was why Doris Ludlam, Bridget Bourke, Irene Cookes and Ethel Hall had lost their lives. However, Norris was an &#8220;outlier&#8221; \u2013 just like Lucia de Berk and that encouraged us to look a little more closely at how he had come to be convicted.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq VIC1N\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-9udeb\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>We were disturbed by what we found. It was soon clear that the case against Norris was entirely circumstantial but through the police interrogating attendance data he became the supposed \u201ccommon denominator\u201d in this cluster of deaths, although there was no direct evidence whatsoever to link him to what had happened to Doris, Bridget, Irene and Ethel.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq VIC1N\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-2a306\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>There was no \u201cgood nurse\u201d like Amy Loughren who had worked out what Cullen <\/span><\/em><span>[Charles Cullen, an American nurse who confessed in 2003 to killing up to 40 patients] <\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>was doing, and reported her anxieties to the police. Instead there was simply rumour and tittle-tattle that was used to spin a motive for Norris, who was jailed for a minimum of 30 years, but who has never stopped maintaining his innocence. To this day both Elizabeth and I believe that there has been a miscarriage of justice, and it is good to see that his case has now been sent back to the Court of Appeal.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-4uk3i\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span>Norris was originally charged with five murders but it was then discovered he could not have committed one of them. The police started looking for a second murderer, right? Wrong. The fifth murder was deemed no longer a murder and&#8230;ignored.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-7ik01\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span>Norris appears to have been a victim of poor use of probabilities as described above. He was also it seems the victim of expert after expert testifying that naturally occurring hypoglycaemia in the elderly was far rarer than it actually is (thus, in the case of Norris&#8217; &#8216;victims&#8217;, their hypoglycaemia could only have been caused by him having injected them with insulin).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-c31pr\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span>There are many parallels between Letby&#8217;s and Norris&#8217; cases. The Countess of Chester Hospital where Letby worked had received a damning review. It had had its neonatal competency level downgraded. The evidence against Letby is purely circumstantial. She is getting blasted in the press for going dancing after a shift on which one of her subjects had died. The list goes on.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.5\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-bpqd9\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span>I am not saying Letby is <\/span><em style=\"font-style:italic\"><span>not<\/span><\/em><span> a murderer. How would I know? What I do know is that her case bears similarities to others in the past that resulted in wrongful convictions. Judges tasked with guiding jurors are rarely also mathematicians (one UK judge is even on record as saying he did not understand the specific aspect of probability relevant to these so-called &#8216;cluster cases&#8217;). Nor are jurors. Let&#8217;s hope that in Letby&#8217;s case her defence team can convert them, if only for the duration of their deliberations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div data-breakout=\"normal\">\n<p class=\"yfzvm xxd3N Jw0Gq IQCYp\" dir=\"auto\" id=\"viewer-u3dn\"><span class=\"KsyMf\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><span>The views expressed in this communication are those of Peter Elston at the time of writing and are subject to change without notice. They do not constitute investment advice and whilst all reasonable efforts have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this communication, the reliability, completeness or accuracy of the content cannot be guaranteed. This communication provides information for professional use only and should not be relied upon by retail investors as the sole basis for investment. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If you enjoy reading this blog, please leave a star rating on WealthTender. Thank you! Criminologist Prof David Wilson writes on Suspected Miscarriage of Justice Case Colin Norris As readers of my blogs and articles may know, I have an interest in miscarriages of justice, particularly those that result from poor use of statistics and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":123379,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[96],"tags":[4643,44105,7451],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-123378","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-investing","tag-bad","tag-maths","tag-victim"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Another Victim of Bad Maths? - Som2ny Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Another Victim of Bad Maths? - Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"If you enjoy reading this blog, please leave a star rating on WealthTender. 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Criminologist Prof David Wilson writes on Suspected Miscarriage of Justice Case Colin Norris As readers of my blogs and articles may know, I have an interest in miscarriages of justice, particularly those that result from poor use of statistics and [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Som2ny Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-03-10T03:07:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/351877_63b5ac77276d432b8bc87220fbfce37cmv2.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"466\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#\/schema\/person\/b85e3c3dc0e1daea076524dc8810c371\"},\"headline\":\"Another Victim of Bad Maths?\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-03-10T03:07:57+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378\"},\"wordCount\":2124,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/351877_63b5ac77276d432b8bc87220fbfce37cmv2.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Bad\",\"Maths\",\"Victim\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Investing\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378\",\"name\":\"Another Victim of Bad Maths? 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Criminologist Prof David Wilson writes on Suspected Miscarriage of Justice Case Colin Norris As readers of my blogs and articles may know, I have an interest in miscarriages of justice, particularly those that result from poor use of statistics and [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378","og_site_name":"Som2ny Network","article_published_time":"2025-03-10T03:07:57+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1000,"height":466,"url":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/351877_63b5ac77276d432b8bc87220fbfce37cmv2.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#\/schema\/person\/b85e3c3dc0e1daea076524dc8810c371"},"headline":"Another Victim of Bad Maths?","datePublished":"2025-03-10T03:07:57+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378"},"wordCount":2124,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/351877_63b5ac77276d432b8bc87220fbfce37cmv2.jpg","keywords":["Bad","Maths","Victim"],"articleSection":["Investing"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378","url":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=123378","name":"Another Victim of Bad Maths? 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