{"id":117259,"date":"2025-03-07T07:04:04","date_gmt":"2025-03-07T07:04:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peraltafinancing.com\/american-history\/derek-g-handley-on-joan-l-bryants-reluctant-race-men-black-challenges-to-the-practice-of-race-in-nineteenth-century-america\/"},"modified":"2025-03-07T07:04:04","modified_gmt":"2025-03-07T07:04:04","slug":"derek-g-handley-on-joan-l-bryants-reluctant-race-men-black-challenges-to-the-practice-of-race-in-nineteenth-century-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fivemor.com\/?p=117259","title":{"rendered":"Derek G. Handley on Joan L. Bryant\u2019s *Reluctant Race Men: Black Challenges to the Practice of Race in Nineteenth-Century America*"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"book-review-details\">\n<h4>The Book<\/h4>\n<p>Reluctant Race Men: Black Challenges to the Practice of Race in Nineteenth-Century America<\/p>\n<h4>The Author(s)<\/h4>\n<p>Joan L. Bryant<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"180\" height=\"272\" src=\"https:\/\/s-usih.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bryant-Reluctant-Race-Men.jpg\" class=\"review-image wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\"\/>\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>Joan L. Bryant\u2019s <em>Reluctant Race Men<\/em> examines the deliberations within the nineteenth-century free black community about the nationality, racial identity, and citizenship of the African Americans both enslaved and free. Bryant\u2019s book interrogates this complex situation\u2013not enslaved but not free\u2013surrounding Black intellectuals as they wrestled with deciding on where they belong or where they should live in the world during the nineteenth century. Their lives, though burdened by the problematic expectations of race, resist the roles that American society has prescribed for them. This book certainly resonates during these times of conversations and controversies surrounding the concept of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. As Bryant notes in her introduction, \u201crace has figured in affirmative action controversies as an inherent element of identities that wrongfully disadvantages or privileges people.\u201d<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The central premise of the book is simply stated: \u201cNineteenth-century American freedom shaped the evolution of race\u2026Slavery does not tell the whole story.\u201d <a href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> Bryant, Associate Professor of African American Studies at Syracuse University, wades in the tumultuous waters of Blackness, citizenship, and freedom in U.S. History. The book is organized in seven chapters with a separate introduction and conclusion. Featured are the discussions between the central black intellectuals from that time including Mary Ann Shadd, Martin Delany, and Frederick Douglass. But Bryant also calls attention to lesser-known leaders from that time including Samuel Cornish, Lewis Woodson, and Alexander Crumble.<\/p>\n<p>Bryant demonstrates the tension between those who argue for emigration\u2014leaving American for other countries\u2014 versus those who assert that America is their homeland. She points out that resistance to arguments for emigration was due in large part to the racist origins of the American Colonization Society (ACS) which was founded to help free blacks to settle in West Africa. This settlement, of course, would later be known as Liberia. Bryant notes the convoluted belief held by ACS founders were that although African Americans should not remain as slaves, they are still inferior and could never fully be considered as true Americans. According to Bryant, some African American leaders responded to this belief by asserting that the notion of race is not tied to citizenship. Also argued by many was that Africa was not the black person\u2019s home. The book notes that Frederick Douglas argued of African Americans, \u201cHis bones, his muscles, his sinews, are all American.\u201d<a href=\"#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a> Bryant points out that one interesting part of this argument was that Black institutions were asked to stop using racial designators in their name such as the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) church.<\/p>\n<p>The strength of this book is the meticulous and rigorous way in which Bryant lays out her argument about the \u201crace challenge\u201d through a detailed analysis of the political conventions also referred to as \u201ccolored conventions,\u201d<a href=\"#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a> held by African Americans in the nineteenth century. Bryant uses the minutes and notes taken from these conventions to provide insight to the deliberations held by Black leaders and intellectuals of that time. One convention of note was the 1854 convention in Cleveland on emigration at which Martin Delany gave a speech entitled \u201cThe Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent.\u201d Bryant notes Delany\u2019s conflict with other proponents of emigration over the notion of \u201cNegro Nationality.\u201d<a href=\"#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a> For instance, Mary Shadd argued for Canada as a potential home for African Americans because the idea of race was not relevant there, and their work would be judged \u201caccording to merit.\u201d<a href=\"#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Bryant concludes by saying that the \u201crace men\u201d of the nineteenth century laid the groundwork for \u201cbroadening the scope of contest over race.\u201d<a href=\"#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a> As her example, she claims the Civil Rights and Black Power protests in the mid-twentieth century were movements of race consciousness. But I would add that this racial discourse is ongoing during the age of Black Lives Matter movement. These are perilous times and books like <em>Reluctant Race Men <\/em>helps us to think about \u201ccollective racial consciousness\u201d in the continued struggle for first class citizenship for African Americans.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]<\/a>. Bryant, <em>Reluctant Race Men<\/em>, 1.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]<\/a>. Bryant, <em>Reluctant Race Men<\/em>, 3.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]<\/a>. Bryant, <em>Reluctant Race Men<\/em>, 241.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]<\/a>. Colored Conventions Project, https:\/\/coloredconventions.org\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]<\/a>. Bryant, <em>Reluctant Race Men<\/em>, 114.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]<\/a>. Bryant, <em>Reluctant Race Men<\/em>, 110.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]<\/a>. Bryant, <em>Reluctant Race Men<\/em>, 326.<\/p>\n<div class=\"editors-note\">\n<h4>About the Reviewer<\/h4>\n<p><strong>Derek G. Handley<\/strong>\u00a0is an assistant professor at UW-Milwaukee in the English Department and affiliated faculty in the African and African Diaspora Studies Department. He is co-director of the NEH-funded digital humanities project \u201cMapping Racism and Resistance in Milwaukee County (MRR-MKE)\u201d, which maps racial covenants and uncovers Black resistance to such discrimination. His recently published book\u00a0<em>Struggle for the City: Citizenship and Resistance in the Black Freedom Movement\u00a0<\/em>(Penn State University Press) examines the ways in which Black Communities responded to the threat of urban renewal in the 1950\u2019s and 1960\u2019s.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Book Reluctant Race Men: Black Challenges to the Practice of Race in Nineteenth-Century America The Author(s) Joan L. Bryant Joan L. Bryant\u2019s Reluctant Race Men examines the deliberations within the nineteenth-century free black community about the nationality, racial identity, and citizenship of the African Americans both enslaved and free. Bryant\u2019s book interrogates this complex [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":117260,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12032],"tags":[2708,393,3744,52003,11117,28301,52002,31643,228,52005,9441,8785,52004],"dealstore":[],"offerexpiration":[],"class_list":["post-117259","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-american-history","tag-america","tag-black","tag-book-reviews","tag-bryants","tag-challenges","tag-derek","tag-handley","tag-joan","tag-men","tag-nineteenthcentury","tag-practice","tag-race","tag-reluctant"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Derek G. Handley on Joan L. 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